Table 2.
Larvicidal effects of crude phlorotannin and phloroglucinol on survival of Daphnia magna neonates.
| Incubation Time (h) | Survival of D. magna Neonates (%) | |||||
| Control | Vehicle (2.5% Methanol) | Phlorotannin Extract (mg/mL) | ||||
| 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 24 | 95.0 ± 5.8 | 92.5 ± 5.0 | 91.3 ± 2.5 | 63.8 ± 6.3 * | 16.3 ± 4.9 * | |
| 48 | 87.5 ± 8.7 | 85.0 ± 7.1 | 38.8 ± 11.1 * | 20.0 ± 12.2 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * | |
| 72 | 87.5 ± 8.7 | 85.0 ± 7.1 | 31.3 ± 7.5 * | 7.5 ± 6.5 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * | |
| Incubation Time (h) | Survival of Daphnia magna Neonate (%) | |||||
| Control | Phloroglucinol (mg/mL) | |||||
| 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.5 | ||
| 24 | 96.7 ± 2.9 | 95.0 ± 0.0 | 98.3 ± 2.9 | 68.3 ± 2.9 * | 28.3 ± 12.6 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * |
| 48 | 93.3 ± 2.9 | 86.7 ± 2.9 * | 83.3 ± 7.6 * | 61.7 ± 5.8 * | 25.0 ± 8.7 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * |
| 72 | 93.3 ± 2.9 | 80.0 ± 5.0 * | 73.3 ± 7.6 * | 61.7 ± 2.9 * | 16.7 ± 5.8 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * |
* significant difference; statistical significance was calculated using Student’s t-test and deemed statistically significant at p < 0.05, compared to the control. Values represent the average ± SD of measurements performed in at least triplicate, n = 20 ind/replicate.