TABLE 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristics | Controls | Cardiac Arrest | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Survivors | Nonsurvivors | |||
| Number of patients, n (%) | 18 | 32 | 13 (41) | 19 (59) | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 13.3 (8.7−15.0) | 8.0 (3.8−13.3) | 8.0 (5.2−13.0) | 8.0 (3.6−13.4) | 0.969 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 6 (33) | 17 (53) | 8 (62) | 9 (47) | 0.491 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| African American | 6 (33) | 8 (25) | 4 (31) | 4 (21) | 0.053 |
| White | 9 (50) | 14 (44) | 8 (61) | 6 (32) | |
| Other | 3 (17) | 10 (31) | 1 (8) | 9 (47) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 2 (11) | 4 (13) | 4 (21) | 0.128 | |
| Baseline PCPC, median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0− 2.3) | 2.0 (1.0− 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0− 2.0) | 0.308 | |
| 1, n (%) | 20 (63) | 6 (46) | 14 (74) | ||
| 2, n (%) | 4 (12) | 4 (31) | |||
| 3, n (%) | 2 (6) | 1 (8) | 1 (5) | ||
| 4, n (%) | 6 (19) | 2 (15) | 4 (21) | ||
| Severity of illness | |||||
| Pediatric Risk of Mortality 3, median (IQR) | 27.5 (22.5− 33.0) | 24.0 (21.0− 30.0) | 31.0 (24.0− 35.0) | 0.087 | |
| Worst oxygenation index in first 24 hr, median (IQR) | 27.9 (17.9−45.9) | 27.3 (12.4−39.3) | 26.7 (20.7−54.6) | 0.527 | |
| High-frequency oscillatory ventilation, n (%) | 13 (41) | 6 (46) | 7 (37) | 0.670 | |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) | 3 (9) | 3 (23) | 0.058 | ||
| Cardiac arrest characteristics | |||||
| Out-of-hospital, n (%) | 22 (69) | 6 (46) | 16 (84) | 0.049 | |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, median (IQR) | 11.0 (6.5−25.0) | 8.0 (4.8−11.8) | 17.0 (10.0−30.0) | 0.014 | |
| Rhythm, n (%) | |||||
| Asystole/pulseless electrical activity | 13 (41) | 3 (23) | 10 (53) | 0.032 | |
| Bradycardia | 9 (28) | 7 (54) | 2 (10) | ||
| Unknown | 10 (31) | 3 (23) | 7 (37) | ||
| Defibrillation, n (%) | 3 (9) | 3 (16) | 0.579 | ||
| Etiology, n (%) | |||||
| Respiratory failure | 9 (28) | 5 (38) | 4 (21) | 0.373 | |
| Drowning | 9 (28) | 3 (23) | 6 (32) | ||
| Shock/arrhythmia | 4 (13) | 2 (15) | 2 (11) | ||
| Trauma | 7 (22) | 2 (15) | 5 (26) | ||
| Other/unknown | 3 (9) | 1 (8) | 2 (11) | ||
| Initial pH, median (IQR) | 7.1 (7.0−7.2) | 7.1 (6.9−7.2) | 7.1 (7.0−7.2) | 0.628 | |
| Initial lactate, median (IQR) | 5.6 (4.9−7.8) | 5.0 (2.9−7.0) | 5.6 (5.5−9.5) | 0.486 | |
| Postarrest Glasgow Coma Scale, median (IQR) | 3 (3−3) | 3 (3−3) | 3 (3−3) | 0.570 | |
| Outcomes | |||||
| PICU length of stay, median (IQR) | 7.5 [3.0−15.8] | 24.0 [13.0−67.0] | 4.0 [2.0−6.0] | < 0.001 | |
| Death, n (%) | |||||
| Brain death | 9 (47) | ||||
| Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies | 9 (47) | ||||
| Rearrest | 1 (5) | ||||
| PICU discharge PCPC, median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.0−4.0) | 6.0 (6.0−6.0) | |||
| 2, n (%) | 2 (15) | ||||
| 3, n (%) | 3 (23) | ||||
| 4, n (%) | 8 (62) | ||||
| 6, n (%) | 19 (100) | ||||
| Change in PCPC, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0−2.0) | 5.0 (4.0−5.0) | |||
| 0, n (%) | 3 (23) | ||||
| 1, n (%) | 3 (23) | ||||
| 2, n (%) | 4 (31) | 4 (21) | |||
| 3, n (%) | 3 (23) | 1 (5) | |||
| 4 | |||||
| 5 | 14 (74) | ||||
| Discharge, n (%) | |||||
| Rehabilitation | 7 (54) | ||||
| Facility | 3 (23) | ||||
| Home | 2 (15) | ||||
| Still admitted | 1 (8) | ||||
IQR = interquartile range, PCPC = Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category.