Fig. 5.

Regional public risk perception of COVID-19 maps across Chinese cities. a, Total public risk perception map ($PRP{I}_i$ estimated by the STVC model) shows regular spatial differences and regional clusters. b, Residual public risk perception map ($PRP{I}_i$ estimated by the standard STIVC model) reveals the extra and irregular spatial differences among cities by removing the provincial spatiotemporal interactive effects. c, Cluster and outlier map of total public risk perception shows a more macroscopic pattern by detecting four types of statistically significant zone, namely, High-High Cluster, High-Low Outlier, Low-High Outlier, and Low-Low Cluster.