Table 3.

List of plant materials used as natural coagulant to mitigate cyanobacteria. RT = room temperature, n.a. = not available, n.e. = not effect

Plant-based coagulants	Extract type	Test sample of water	Target cyanobacteria	Contact time	Initial turbidity	Temperature (°C)	Optimum coagulant dose (g/L)	pH	removal efficiency (%)	Reference
Vicia faba and Opuntia ficus indica	Faba been seeds and cactus cladodes	Synthetic water prepared from cyanobacterial cells density of 106 cells/mL	Microsystis aeurigonsa	Fast stirring of 200 rpm for 2 min Slow stirring of 40 rpm for 30 min	200	RT	0.5 and 0.1	5	Cyanobacteria cells: > 85	(El Bouaidi et al., 2020)
Opuntia strica Haw	Cactus cladodes	Surface water from Bodocongó reservoir	Cyanobacterial bloom containing: Microcystis aeruginosa, Sphaerocavum Brasiliense, Cylindrospermopsis racibroskii (Woloszynska) and Plankthotrix isothrix (Skuja)	5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min	58.1 ± 1.5	25	10	n.e	Turbidity: 52 Cyanobacteria cells: 70	(Nery et al., 2019)
Moringa olifera	MO seeds proteins (albumin and globulin)	Distilled water contaminated with cyanobacterial cell of density of 104 cells/mL	Microcystis aeruginosa	Coagulation at a velocity gradient of 315 s−1 for 20 s; flocculation at a velocity gradient of 15 s−1 for 10 min	34.7 ± 0.61	n.a	10	7.77	Cyanobacterial cells: 83.87	(de Oliveira Ruiz Moreti et al., 2019)
Pomegranate peel	Pomegranate peel tannins	Synthetic water prepared from cyanobacterial cells density of 106 cells/mL	Microcytis aeruginosa	n.a	n.a	n.a	0.2	7.4	Cyanobacteria cells: 94.22	(Wang et al., 2018)
Moringa oleifera	MO seeds	Synthetic surface water using cyanobacterial cells	Microcytis aeruginosa	Coagulation for 2 min with a velocity gradient of 380 s−1 (200 rpm), flocculation for 8 min at 70 s−1 (20 rpm)	n.a	21.0 ± 1.0	5	7.4	80	(Teixeira et al., 2017)
Moringa oleifera	MO seeds extracts by 1 M NaCl and CaCl2	Synthetic water spiked with humic acid and cyanobacteria cells	Microcytis aeruginosa	Coagulation at a velocity gradient of 1000 s1 for 10 s−1, flocculation at a velocity gradient of 15 s−1 for 15 min	25.3 ± 0.3	25 ± 2	5	8.3	Cyanobacteria cells: 79.9	(Carvalho et al., 2016)
Moringa oleifera	MO seeds	Artificially water contaminated with cyanobacteria (order of 104 cells/mL)	Anabaena flos-aquae	Rapid mixing gradient of 315 and 850 s−1 for 20 S Slow mixing gradient of 5, 10 and 15 s−1 for 10, 15 and 20 min	30 ± 0.5	25 ± 2	10	7.0–7.7	Cyanobacteria cells: 96.4	(Moreti et al., 2016)
Moringa oleifera	MO seeds Saline extraction KCl and NaCl (1 M)	Deionized water with an inoculum of cyanobacteria cells Turbidity ranging from 50–450 NTU	Microcystis protocystis	8 min of retention time	between 50 and 450	25 ± 2	5	7.32	Cyanobacteria cells: between 80 and 95	(Camacho et al., 2015)