Table 4.

Key properties of concrete for the three scenarios.

Scenario	Element	Type	Model	fcy (MPa)	εcy (%)	fcu (MPa)	εcu (%)	factorft
C	Cover	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	33.5	0.21	3.4	0.72	1.0
	Core	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	33.5	0.21	3.4	0.72
		Confined	Park et al.21	35.1	0.22	7.0	0.86
			Kappos et al.20	35.4	0.24	8.9	0.83
			Mander et al.24	35.5	0.27	7.1	3.77
			Chang and Mander25	35.5	0.27	4.0	0.82
M	Cover	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	21.4	0.41	2.1	0.76	0.6
	Core	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	30.0	0.21	3.0	0.57	0.8
		Confined	Park et al.21	31.6	0.22	6.3	0.89
			Kappos et al.20	31.8	0.24	8.0	0.86
			Mander et al.24	32.1	0.28	6.4	5.71
			Chang and Mander25	32.0	0.28	6.2	0.84
L	Cover	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	15.2	0.64	1.5	0.90	0.2
	Core	Unconfined	Chang et al.19	23.2	0.31	2.3	0.66	0.6
		Confined	Park et al.21	24.8	0.33	5.0	0.92
			Kappos et al.20	24.9	0.35	6.2	0.91
			Mander et al.24	25.3	0.45	17.7	2.69
			Chang and Mander25	25.1	0.43	10.9	1.30