Table 2.

Comparison of MDQ scores between exercise and non-exercise groups

	Premenstrual				During menstruation				Postmenstrual
	Exercise group	Non-exercise group	p Value	Effect size	Exercise group	Non-exercise group	p Value	Effect size	Exercise group	Non-exercise group	p Value	Effect size
Total	54.1 ± 19.1	60.2 ± 23.3	0.014*	0.146	57.5 ± 19.3	68.4 ± 25.0	< 0.001*	0.231	41.7 ± 14.5	43.2 ± 16.0	0.358	0.055
Pain	10.0 ± 4.5	10.6 ± 4.8	0.237*	0.070	12.2 ± 5.3	14.6 ± 6.0	< 0.001*	0.217	7.9 ± 4.0	8.0 ± 3.8	0.721	0.021
Concentration	10.0 ± 3.7	11.2 ± 5.0	0.047*	0.118	10.5 ± 3.6	12.3 ± 5.2	< 0.003*	0.176	8.7 ± 2.2	9.2 ± 3.0	0.467	0.043
Behavioral change	9.1 ± 4.2	10.3 ± 5.2	0.040*	0.122	10.0 ± 4.6	12.5 ± 5.6	< 0.001*	0.236	6.1 ± 2.6	6.7 ± 3.6	0.266	0.066
Autonomic reaction	4.6 ± 1.6	4.7 ± 1.6	0.380*	0.052	5.1 ± 2.0	5.6 ± 2.5	< 0.068*	0.109	4.4 ± 1.7	4.4 ± 1.3	0.095	0.099
Water retention	8.2 ± 3.7	9.0 ± 3.7	0.049*	0.117	7.6 ± 3.4	8.7 ± 3.7	< 0.011*	0.152	5.3 ± 2.6	5.6 ± 2.4	0.138	0.088
Negative affect	12.3 ± 5.9	14.5 ± 7.6	0.021*	0.137	12.0 ± 4.8	14.7 ± 7.3	< 0.003*	0.179	9.2 ± 3.2	9.4 ± 3.7	0.911	0.007

Data are expressed as means ± SD

MDQ Menstrual Distress Questionnaire

*Statistical significant