TABLE 3.
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for the Estimated Effects of Chronic Pain on Opioid Prescriptions
| N of Opioids Use/N of Participants | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain (+) | Pain (-) | Age + Sex Adjusted | Main Modelb | |
| Total opioids | 382/2168 | 301/11716 | 7.5 (6.3–9.1) | 6.1 (5.1–7.5) |
| Opioids equivalent to or stronger than morphinec | 223/2009 | 137/11552 | 9.8 (7.6–13) | 8.0 (6.1–11) |
a
1000 iterations were performed for bootstrapping to estimate 95% confidence interval.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, race, education levels, poverty-income ratio, health insurance coverage, marital status, smoking, alcohol intake, and anti-depressant medication prescriptions. (Logit (Opioid pain, covariates) = β0 + βpain*Pain + βage*Age + βagesq*Age2 + βsex*Sex + βrace*Race + βedu*education + βpir*PIR + βins*Insurance + βmarital*Marital + βsmoke*Smoke + βalc*Alcohol + βantidep*Antidepressant)
c
Total N is different from total opioids because we excluded opioids weaker than morphine from this analysis.
CI indicates confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.