Table 4.
Serologies of mothers and their neonates presenting with MIS-N and laboratory/radiological investigation [4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]
| Author [ref] | Maternal SARS-CoV-2 NPA RT-PCR | Maternal SARS-CoV-2 serology | Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 NPA RT-PCR | Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 serology | Laboratory evidence of inflammation | Radiological investigation | Echocardiogram | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More et al. [14] | Positive in 5/12 History of COVID-19 positive in 9/12 | IgG-positive in all | Negative in all | IgG-positive in all | ↑CRP: 4/12 | CXR: pneumonia like change 2/12, RDS 4/12 | Cardiac dysfunction 6/12 Dilated coronaries 1/12 | |
| ↑PCT: 3/12 | ||||||||
| ↑D-dimer: 7/12 | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin: 5/12 | ||||||||
| ↑LDH: 4/12 | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP: 7/12 | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Pawar et al. [16] | NA | 4 IgG positive 3 IgG below cut-off limit | NA | IgG positive: 17 | ↑CRP: high 15/20 | CXR: cardiomegaly 1/20 | Arrhythmia − 11 Dilated coronaries − 2 intracardiac thrombus − 2 shock/cardiac dysfunction − 5 | |
| IgG below cut-off limit: 2 | ↑PCT: 4/20 | |||||||
| IgG negative: 1 | ↑D-dimer: 19/20 | |||||||
| ↑Ferritin: 4/20 | ||||||||
| ↑LDH: 8/20 | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP: high 9/20 | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Shaiba et al. [17] | NA | NA | Positive | NA | ↑CRP | CXR: bilateral opacities/pulmonary oedema/atelectasis | Small pericardial effusion, EF 80.5% | |
| ↑PCT | ||||||||
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
| ↑LDH | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Borkotoky et al. [5] | Negative | IgG positive | Negative | IgG positive | ↑CRP | Chest CT: diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities | Severe PHT | |
| IgM negative | IgM negative | ↑PCT | ||||||
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
| ↑LDH | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Diggikar et al. [18] | Positive | NA | Positive | Negative | ↑CRP | CXR: normal | a small coronary artery aneurysm and good biventricular function | |
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Divekar et al. [19] | Positive | NA | Negative | NA | ↑D-dimer | CXR: cardiomegaly/ | Small pericardial effusion | |
| ↑NT-proBNP | pulmonary oedema | |||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Diwakara et al. [20] | Positive | NA | Negative | NA | ↑CRP | CXR | Normal | |
| ↑D-dimer | NA | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Eghbalian et al. [21] | Negative | NA | Positive | NA | ↑CRP | CT chest: bilateral | NA | |
| ↑ESR | peripheral ground-glass infiltration and opacity | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Kappanavil et al. [22] | Positive | Positive IgG | Negative | Positive IgG | ↑CRP | CXR: cardiomegaly | Severe biventricular dysfunction LVEF of 10% and global hypokinesia. Coronary arteries appeared prominent and hyperechoic | |
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
| ↑LDH | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Lima et al. [23] | Swab: NA | Positive | Positive | IgG positive | ↑D-dimer | CXR: normal | Pericardial effusion | |
| IgM negative | ↑Ferritin | Chest CT: ground-glass opacities | ||||||
| ↑LDH | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Magboul et al. [24] | Negative | NA | Positive | NA | ↑CRP | CXR: bilateral opacities | Normal | |
| ↑ESR | ||||||||
| ↑PCT | ||||||||
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| McCarty et al. [4] | Positive | NA | Negative | NA | ↑CRP: high | CXR: bilateral granular opacities | Severe PHT | |
|
| ||||||||
| Orlanski-Meyer et al. [25] | NA | NA | NA | Positive | ↑CRP | CXR | Mild-moderate mitral régurgitation | |
| ↑ESR | NA | |||||||
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Saha et al. [26] | NA | NA | Positive | NA | ↑CRP: high | CXR: pulmonary oedema/cardiomegaly | Systolic dysfunction (EF ˜ 40%)/mild pericardial effusion | |
| ↑D-dimer | ||||||||
| ↑Ferritin | Chest CT: atelectasis of both lower lobes of lung | |||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Schoenmakers et al. [27] | Positive | Positive | Negative | Negative | ↑D-dimer | CXR: bilateral opacities | PPHN/significantly enlarged LMCA | |
| ↑Ferritin | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Shaiba et al. [28] | Positive for both mothers | NA | Case 1: negative | Case 1 positive | ↑CRP: 1/2 | CXR | Case 1: moderately dilated LV with poor systolic function myocarditis/PDA with a bidirectional shunt Case 2: normal | |
| Case 2: positive | Case 2 negative | ↑ESR: 1/2 | Case 1: normal | |||||
| ↑PCT: 1/2 | Case 2: bilateral ground- | |||||||
| ↑D-dimer: 1/2 | glass appearance | |||||||
| ↑Ferritin: 2/2 | ||||||||
| ↑LDH: 2/2 | ||||||||
| ↑NT-proBNP: 2/2 | ||||||||
| ↑Troponin: 2/2 | ||||||||
PPHN, pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PHT, pulmonary hypertension; LMCA, left main coronary artery; LV, left ventricle.