TABLE 5.
Several state-of-the-art deep learning models for DR classification.
| DL Systems | Algorithm | Training data set | Test data set | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | Aim of detection |
| Abràmoff et al. (10) | AlexNet/VGGNet | Messidor-2 | 10 primary care practice sites from the United States | NA | 87 | 91 | mtmDR |
| Gulshan et al. (17) | Inception-V3 | EyePACS, Messidor-2 | Messidor-2 | 0.99 | 87 | 99 | referable DR, operating cut point with high specificity |
| 96 | 94 | referable DR, operating cut point with high sensitivity | |||||
| EyePACS-1 | 0.99 | 90 | 98 | referable DR, operating cut point with high specificity | |||
| 98 | 93 | referable DR, operating cut point with high sensitivity | |||||
| Zhang et al. (27) | Inception-V3 | SAMS, SPPH | SAMS, SPPH | 0.98 | 98 | 98 | referable DR |
| Gulshan et al. (20) | Inception-V4 | EyePACS, Messidor-2 | Aravind | 0.96 | 90 | 92 | referable DR |
| Sankara | 0.98 | 92 | 95 | referable DR | |||
| Bellemo et al. (28) | VGGNet/ResNet | SiDRP 2010-2013 | Zambia mobile screening | 0.97 | 92 | 89 | referable DR |
| 0.98 | 92 | 95 | STDR | ||||
| Sayres et al. (29) | Inception-V4 | EyePACS, 3 eye hospitals of India | EyePACS2 | 0.88 | 92 | 95 | referable DR |
DL = deep learning, mtmDR = more than mild DR (ETDRS level 35 or higher and/or DNE), NA = not available, SAMS = The Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, SiDRP = Singapore Integrated Diabetic Retinopathy Screening program, SPPH = Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, STDR = severe nonproliferative DR or worse.