Table 1.
Baseline characteristics participants
| MOTHERS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRI sample (n = 2,053) | Males (n = 1,012) | Females (n = 1,041) | ||
| General characteristics | ||||
| Age at enrollment (mean, SD) | 30.8 ± 4.7 | 31.0 ± 4.7 | 30.6 ± 4.6 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 23.4 ± 4.1 | 23.3 ± 4.0 | 23.6 ± 4.1 | |
| Missing (%) | 355 (17.3) | 175 (17.3) | 180 (17.3) | |
| National background | ||||
| Dutch (%) | 1203 (58.6) | 604 (59.7) | 599 (57.5) | |
| Other Western (%) | 245 (11.9) | 119 (11.8) | 126 (12.1) | |
| Non-Western (%) | 557 (27.1) | 280 (27.7) | 297 (28.5) | |
| Missing (%) | 28 (1.4) | 9 (0.9) | 19 (1.8) | |
| Education | ||||
| Low (no/primary education) (%) | 40 (1.9) | 18 (1.8) | 22 (2.1) | |
| Intermediate (secondary school, lower vocational training) (%) | 621 (30.2) | 286 (28.3) | 335 (32.2) | |
| High (higher vocational training, university) (%) | 1143 (55.7) | 588 (58.1) | 555 (53.3) | |
| Missing (%) | 249 (12.1) | 120 (11.9) | 129 (12.4) | |
| Household income | ||||
| < €2000 (%) | 6 (0.3) | 6 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| > €2000 (%) | 1720 (83.8) | 852 (84.2) | 868 (83.4) | |
| Missing (%) | 327 (15.9) | 154 (15.2) | 173 (16.6) | |
| Psychoactive drug use | ||||
| No (%) | 1790 (87.2) | 874 (86.4) | 916 (88.0) | |
| Yes, until pregnancy (%) | 38 (1.9) | 23 (2.3) | 15 (1.4) | |
| Yes, continued during pregnancy (%) | 0.5 (0.5) | 7 (0.7) | 3 (0.3) | |
| Missing (%) | 215 (10.5) | 108 (10.7) | 107 (10.3) | |
| Smoking habits | ||||
| Never smoked during pregnancy (%) | 1414 (68.9) | 690 (68.2) | 724 (69.5) | |
| Smoked until pregnancy was known (%) | 178 (8.7) | 78 (7.7) | 100 (9.6) | |
| Continued smoking in pregnancy (%) | 261 (12.7) | 138 (13.6) | 123 (11.8) | |
| Missing (%) | 200 (9.7) | 106 (0.5) | 94 (9.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never drank in pregnancy (%) | 712 (34.7) | 324 (32.0) | 388 (37.3) | |
| Drank until pregnancy was known (%) | 293 (14.3) | 141 (13.9) | 152 (14.6) | |
| Continued drinking occasionally (%) | 733 (35.7) | 393 (38.8) | 340 (32.7) | |
| Continued drinking frequently (1 or more glass/week for at least 2 trimesters) (%) | 179 (8.7) | 82 (8.1) | 97 (9.3) | |
| Missing (%) | 136 (6.6) | 72 (7.1) | 64 (6.1) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Psychopathology (GSI) | 0.15 (0.06 – 0.31) | 0.13 (0.06 – 0.31) | 0.15 (0.06 – 0.29) | |
| Missing (%) | 270 (13.2) | 142 (14.0) | 128 (12.3) | |
| Exposure | ||||
| CRP <1 mg/L (n) | 177 | |||
| CRP 1–3 mg/L (n) | 605 | |||
| CRP 3–10 mg/L (n) | 991 | |||
| CRP >10 mg/L (n) | 369 | |||
| CRP (mg/L) (median, IQR) | 4.30 (2.20 – 7.90) | 4.30 (2.30 – 7.90) | 4.40 (2.20 – 7.90) | |
| Time of blood sampling in pregnancy (weeks) (mean, SD) | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 1.9 | |
| CHILDREN | ||||
| General characteristics | ||||
| Biological sex, male (%) | 1012 (49.3) | |||
| Birthweight (grams) (mean, SD) | 3436 ± 559 | 3513.2 ± 548.8 | 3360.6 ± 558.3 | |
| Missing (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) (mean, SD) | 40.0 ± 1.8 | 40.0 ± 1.7 | 39.9 ± 1.8 | |
| Age MRI (years) (mean, SD) | 10.1 ± 0.6 | 10.2 ± 0.6 | 10.1 ± 0.6 | |
| Missing (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Preterm birth, <37 weeks (%) | 93 (4.5) | 42 (4.2) | 51 (4.9) | |
| Low birthweight, <2500 grams (%) | 95 (4.6) | 39 (3.9) | 56 (5.4) | |
| Outcome | ||||
| Total brain volume (mm3) (mean, SD) | 1214903 ± 109306 | 1270400 ± 98819 | 1160951 ± 90392 | |
| Missing (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
†
When continuous variables were normally distributed the values are presented mean ± SD and when skewness was observed the values are presented as median (interquartile range).