Table 1.
Association of original and additional PARS risk factors with asthma, updated multivariable PARS model and comparison to original PARS model.
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| Unadjusted Associations | Factors Retained in Multivariable Model | |||||||
| Asthmatics | Non-asthmatics | |||||||
| n = 89 | n = 461 | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | Weight | ||
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| Original PARS Risk Factors | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
| Parental asthma | 50 (56.2) | 171 (37.1) | <0.001 | 1.0 9 | 1.03−1.15 | 0.00 5 | 1 | |
| Eczema before age 3 | 40 (44.9) | 112 (24.3) | <0.001 | 1.0 8 | 1.02−1.15 | 0.01 4 | 1 | |
| Wheezing apart from colds age before age 3 | 39 (43.8) | 58 (12.6) | <0.001 | 1.1 7 | 1.07−1.29 | 0.00 1 | 1 | |
| Early wheezing before age 3 | 61 (68.5) | 138 (29.9) | <0.001 | 1.1 4 | 1.05−1.22 | 0.00 1 | 1 | |
| ≥ 2 positive SPT response to aero/food allergens age 1–3 | 56 (62.9) | 176 (38.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 3 | 1.07−1.20 | <0.0 01 | 1 | |
| African-American race | 34 (38.2) | 88 (19.1) | <0.001 | |||||
| Additional Risk Factors Considered | ||||||||
| Clinical Factors | ||||||||
| Early frequent wheezing age before age 3 | 32 (36.0) | 49 (10.6) | <0.001 | |||||
| Allergic rhinitis before age 3 | 49 (55.1) | 158 (34.3) | <0.001 | |||||
| Demographic and socioeconomic risk factors | ||||||||
| Exclusively formula fed | 37 (41.6) | 112 (24.3) | 0.001 | 1.0 7 | 1.00−1.14 | 0.04 6 | 1 | |
| Age 1 household income <$30k | 37 (41.6) | 99 (21.5) | <0.001 | 1.0 8 | 1.01−1.16 | 0.02 2 | 1 | |
| Daycare attendance before age 3 | 54 (60.7) | 221 (47.9) | 0.027 | 1.0 6 | 1.01−1.13 | 0.03 1 | 1 | |
| No commercial insurance age 1 | 36 (40.4) | 91 (19.7) | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥1 parent with college degree age 1 | 279 (60.5) | 36 (40.4) | <0.001 | |||||
| Environmental risk factors | ||||||||
| Secondhand smoke exposure before age 3 | 47 (52.8) | 146 (31.7) | <0.001 | |||||
| ECAT mean age 1–3 ≥ 0.41 ug/m3 | 37 (41.6) | 140 (30.4) | 0.042 | |||||
| Cat ownership before age 3 | 20 (22.5) | 139 (30.2) | 0.13 | |||||
| Dog ownership before age 3 | 29 (32.6) | 207 (44.9) | 0.03 | |||||
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| Comparison of Performance of the original and updated PARS models. | ||||||||
| Thresh old | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | AUC (95%CI) | |||
| Original PARS Model | 6 | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.37 | 0.93 | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | ||
| Updated PARS Model | 5 | 0.64 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.92 | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | ||
AUC: area under the curve, CI: confidence interval, NPV: negative predictive value. OR: odds ratio PARS: Pediatric Asthma Risk Score. PPV: positive predictive value.