Table 6.

Common research outcomes by outdoor learning context.

Adventure therapy	Self-concept, coping skills (e.g., resilience, conflict management).
Adventure education	Social and teamwork skills, self-concept, self-esteem, resilience.
Regular field trips	Knowledge about the environment and respect/appreciation for ecosystems.
Curricular lessons in local outdoors	Academic improvement (mixed results), motivation/engagement, wellbeing/mental health, social skills, self-concept.
Residential camp	Connection to nature (mixed results), wellbeing, self-concept and social skills.
School grounds	No common findings.
School gardens	Knowledge of and care for gardens, engagement in learning, social skills and less disruptive behavior.