Table 1.

Weighted means (N = 8,506).

	Overall N = 8,506	Wave V Daily Smoker N = 1,333	Wave V Intermittent Smoker N = 740	Wave V Nonsmoker N = 6,433
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	.71 (.65–.76)	.80 (.75–.85)	.62 (.54–.71)***	.69 (.63–.75)***
Non-Hispanic black	.16 (.12–.21)	.13 (.09–.17)	.23 (.16–.30)**	.17 (.12–.21)*
Hispanic	.13 (.09–.17)	.07 (.04–.09)	.15 (.10–.20)**	.14 (.10–.19)***
Female	.50 (.48–.51)	.46 (.42–.50)	.41 (.36–.46)	.52 (.50–.54)*
Age at Wave V	37.42 (37.18–37.67)	37.48 (37.15–37.81)	37.38 (37.08–37.68)	37.41 (37.17–37.65)
Born in the US	.96 (.95–.97)	.98 (.97–.99)	.96 (.93–.98)+	.96 (.94–.97)**
Wave I variables
Parent smoking	.67 (.65–.69)	.78 (.75–.81)	.69 (.63–.74)**	.64 (.62–.66)***
Parent education
Less than high school	.21 (.18–.23)	.26 (.22–.30)	.22 (.17–.27)	.19 (.16–.22)**
High school degree	.21 (.20–.24)	.27 (.23–.31)	.20 (.15–.24)**	.20 (.18–.22)***
Some college	.40 (.37–.42)	.40 (.36–.44)	.39 (.33–.45)	.40 (.37–.43)
College degree and higher	.18 (.15–.21)	.07 (.05–.09)	.19 (.14–.24)***	.21 (.17–.25)***
Household income-to-needs
Less than 100%	.17 (.15–.20)	.22 (.18–.26)	.17 (.13–.23)	.16 (.13–.19)**
100–200%	.24 (.22–.25)	.30 (.26–.34)	.25 (.20–.31)	.22 (.19–.24)***
200–300%	.22 (.20–.23)	.20 (.16–.23)	.22 (.17–.26)	.22 (.20–.24)
300–400%	.15 (.14–.17)	.13 (.10–.16)	.15 (.10–.19)	.16 (.14–.18)*
400% +	.22 (.19–.25)	.15 (.12–.18)	.21 (.15–.26)*	.24 (.21–.27)***
Wave V variables
Years of education	14.33 (14.14–14.52)	12.97 (12.80–13.14)	13.87 (13.56–14.18)***	14.77 (14.58–14.96)***
Personal earnings
Low	.47 (.44–.49)	.64 (.61–.68)	.53 (.47–.59)***	.41 (.38–.43)***
Middle	.31 (.30–.33)	.25 (.22–.27)	.28 (.24–.33)	.33 (.32–.35)***
High	.22 (.20–.24)	.11 (.08–.14)	.18 (.14–.22)**	.26 (.24–.28)***
Live with parents	.08 (.07–.09)	.12 (.09–.14)	.10 (.07–.13)	.07 (.06–.08)**
Family structure
Married, with children	.49 (.47–.51)	.34 (.30–.37)	.40 (.34–.46)+	.55 (.52–.57)***
Married, no children	.08 (.07–.08)	.06 (.05–.08)	.06 (.03–.09)	.08 (.07–.09)+
Not married, with children	.21 (.19–.23)	.32 (.29–.35)	.25 (.21–.30)*	.18 (.16–.20)***
Not married, no children	.22 (.21–.24)	.28 (.25–.31)	.29 (.24–.33)	.19 (.18–.21)***

Source: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994–2018).

Reference groups are bolded.

Significance tests compare intermittent and nonsmoking to daily smoking.

95% Confidence intervals in parentheses.

+ p < .10; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001.