TABLE 3.

Plant-derived phytochemicals that affect Alzheimer’s diseases.

Phytochemicals	Plant source	Plant family	Pharmacological effects/Mechanism	References
Berberine	Coptis chinensis	Ranunculaceae	Activates the AKT/GSK-3/Nrf2 signaling pathways -mediated regulation, cholinergic activity-mediated neurite outgrowth, increases the release of NGF and BDNF, and suppresses the levels of Cox2, TNF-, NF-B, IL-1, and iNOS.	Sutalangka et al., 2013
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Activates PKC/ERK-dependent CREB regulation and AKT/GSK-3-dependent BDNF release, while inhibiting Cas3, TNF-, and NF-B levels.	Lee et al., 2012; Yadav et al., 2019
Huperzine-A	Huperzia serrata	Lycopodiaceae	Increase GST, SOD, and BDNF secretion Caspase-3, TNF-, NF-kB, and AChE inhibition	Fatima et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2017
Tetrandrine	Stephania tetrandra	Menispermaceae	Inhibits NF-KB and TNF- activity	Jayaprakasam et al., 2010
Galantamine	Galanthus	Amaryllidaceae	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, production of interleukin-IB, and microglial agglomeration	Choi et al., 2007
Glaucocalyxin B	Rabdosia japonica	Lamiaceae	Reduces the expression of nitric oxide, iNOS, and TNF- in LPS-activated microglial cells. Additionally, the stimulation of p38, NF-Kb, MAPK, and the formation of ROS were suppressed.	Jia et al., 2012
Oridonin	Rabdosia rubescens	Lamiaceae	In AD mice, activation of the BDNF and Nrf2 signaling pathways	Ambegaokar et al., 2003
Quercetin	Morus alba	Moraceae	Accumulation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and superoxide anions (O2) Inhibitory action against LOX and COX enzymes	Wang et al., 2011
Curcumin	Curcumin longa	Zingiberaceae	Inhibition of the NF-KB pathway (PPARY) receptor activation	Wang et al., 2011
Naringenin	Citrus paradise	Rutaceae	Increases resistance to oxidative stress, cytokines, and NO, while decreasing NF-kB expression. In SH SY5Y cells, Nrf2 signaling is upregulated.	Shakibaei et al., 2007
Resveratrol	Veratrum grandiflorum	Liliaceae	Suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-kB, TNF-, and IL-10 The decline in A42 and β-secretase 1 levels	Chen et al., 2006; Peng et al., 2006; Lei et al., 2015
Oxyresveratrol	M. alba	Moraceae	Reduce the release of NO from LPS-stimulated macrophages by decreasing the expression of the iNOS protein. TNF-, IL-1B, and IL-6 gene expression suppression	Chen et al., 1997; Woodruff-Pak et al., 2001
Rosmarinic acid	Melissa officinalis	Lamiaceae	By phosphorylating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, increases cholinergic activity during cell differentiation. Interferes with fibrillization and β sheets	Gan et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016
Quinic acid	Pimpinella brachycarpa	Apiaceae	Inhibits the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators in activated BV-2 microglial cell lines in response to LPS Protects SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced harm through the activation of a variety of antioxidant enzymes	Raza et al., 2013; Sawda et al., 2017
Apigenin	Passiflora edulis	Passifloraceae	Apart from in PC 12 cells, inhibiting the synthesis of NO and PGE2. Reduced cytokine and NO oxide production	Chen et al., 2019
α -Mangostin	Garcinia mangostana	Clusiaceae	Prevent Aβ plaques from aggregating. Suppresses the β -secretase and – γ secretase enzymes, hence decreasing the synthesis of A.	Niidome et al., 2007
6-Shogaol	Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Increases NGF and pre- and postsynaptic proteins levels in the hippocampus COX-2, MAPK, and NF-KB repression	Wang C.P. et al., 2014; Moon et al., 2014
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)	Citrus sinensis	Rutaceae	Blocking MAPK and NF-kB activation. Inhibit LPS-induced microglial activation	Bayat et al., 2012
Ginkgolide B	Ginko biloba	Ginkgoaceae	Inhibits pro-apoptotic protein expression and promotes NO production. Protective effect against neurotoxicity caused by reactive oxygen species	Yoo and Park, 2012
Ginsenoside Rg3	Panax pseudoginseng	Araliaceae	Reduced Aβ levels in the brains of mice with Alzheimer’s disease Suppressing the activation of the neurofibrillary tyrosine kinase (NF-kB)	Lee et al., 2013; Cornejo et al., 2017
Prosapogenin III	Liriope platyphylla	Asparagaceae	MAPK/NF-κB signaling inhibition. Phosphorylation of p38 is inhibited in response to H2O2-induced stress.	Soh et al., 2003
Diosgenin	Dioscorea villosa	Dioscoreaceae	Rectification of axonal degeneration. Enhancing memory deficits in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease COX-2, TNF-, and NF-κBp65 inhibition	Nikbakht et al., 2019