Table 2.
Demographic and clinical features of the ParkLink cohorts and the control cohort.
| Demographics |
Control cohort |
Parkinson's disease cohort | Atypical parkinsonism cohort |
Vascular parkinsonism cohort |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 9,226 | 759 | 93 | 99 | |
| Mean age, yrs (SD, range) | 76.3 (9.4, 40–98) | 75.3 (9.5, 40–96) | 78.5 (7, 45–85) | 83.2 (6, 66.1–97.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean age at onset, yrs (SD, range) | 66.3 (10.5, 29–89) | 70.6 (7.3, 45–85) | 75.6 (6.7, 53–89) | <0.001 | |
| Age distribution, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 40–49 yrs | 137 (1.5) | 13 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 50–59 yrs | 406 (4.4) | 39 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 60–69 yrs | 1,420 (15.4) | 136 (17.9) | 11 (11.8) | 2 (2.0) | |
| 70–79 yrs | 3,369 (36.5) | 283 (37.3) | 36 (38.7) | 22 (22.2) | |
| 80–89 yrs | 3,504 (38.0) | 267 (35.2) | 42 (45.2) | 59 (59.6) | |
| ≥90 yrs | 390 (4.2) | 21 (2.8) | 3 (3.2) | 16 (16.2) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.363 | ||||
| Male | 5,344 (57.9) | 446 (58.8) | 47 (50.5) | 62 (62.6) | |
| Female | 3,882 (42.1) | 313 (41.2) | 46 (49.5) | 37 (37.4) | |
| District, n (%) | 0.406 | ||||
| Bologna | 4,129 (44.8) | 335 (44.1) | 50 (53.8) | 37 (37.4) | |
| Reno | 1,098 (11.9) | 94 (12.4) | 7 (7.5) | 13 (13.1) | |
| Pianura Est | 1,658 (18.0) | 131 (17.3) | 15 (16.1) | 27 (27.3) | |
| Pianura Ovest | 1,023 (11.0) | 86 (11.3) | 9 (9.7) | 12 (12.1) | |
| Appennino | 642 (7.0) | 59 (7.8) | 4 (4.3) | 2 (2.0) | |
| San Lazzaro | 676 (7.3) | 54 (7.1) | 8 (8.6) | 8 (8.1) | |
| Charlson index, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 7,312 (79.3) | 619 (81.6) | 59 (63.4) | 66 (66.7) | |
| 1 | 930 (10.1) | 66 (8.7) | 18 (19.3) | 12 (12.1) | |
| 2 | 697 (7.6) | 51 (6.7) | 10 (10.8) | 12 (12.1) | |
| ≥3 | 287 (3.0) | 23 (3.0) | 6 (6.5) | 9 (9.1) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 178 (1.9) | 12 (1.6) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) | 0.872 |
| Congestive heart failure | 453 (4.9) | 40 (5.3) | 10 (10.8) | 10 (10.1) | 0.011 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 127 (1.4) | 5 (0.7) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.279 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 392 (4.3) | 18 (2.4) | 10 (10.8) | 11 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 158 (1.7) | 30 (4.0) | 11 (11.8) | 11 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 264 (2.9) | 11 (1.5) | 4 (4.3) | 6 (6.1) | 0.012 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 27 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.0) | 0.129 |
| Liver disease | 33 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.746 |
| Diabetes | 320 (3.5) | 22 (2.9) | 8 (8.6) | 9 (9.1) | 0.002 |
| Renal disease | 141 (1.5) | 14 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.1) | 0.044 |
| Any malignancy | 500 (5.4) | 37 (4.9) | 5 (5.4) | 3 (3.0) | 0.758 |
| Clinical features at onset, n (%) | |||||
| Unilateral | 625 (82.3) | 24 (25.8) | 47 (47.5) | <0.001 | |
| Bilateral | 134 (17.7) | 69 (74.2) | 52 (52.5) | ||
| Tremor (yes) | 481 (72.0) | 32 (45.7) | 47 (58.8) | <0.001 | |
| Bradykinesia (yes) | 521 (80.2) | 80 (94.1) | 72 (82.8) | 0.003 | |
| Mean Hohen-Yahr score, (SD, range) | 2.5 (1, 1–5) | 3.5 (1.2, 1–5) | 2.8 (1, 1–5) | <0.001 | |
| Etiology in atypical parkinsonism, n (%) | |||||
| Progressive supranuclear palsy | 16 (17.2) | ||||
| Multiple system atrophy | 10 (10.8) | ||||
| Other/undetermined | 67 (72.0) | ||||
| Drug treatment, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| No therapy | 71 (9.4) | 23 (24.7) | 20 (20.2) | ||
| Levodopa only | 371 (48.8) | 42 (45.2) | 59 (59.6) | ||
| Dopaminergic only or IMAO B only | 28 (3.7) | 4 (4.3) | 1 (1) | ||
| Any combination of drugs | 289 (38.1) | 24 (25.8) | 19 (19.2) |