Table 1.
Demographic data and baseline neuropsychological performance.
| Normal (n = 146) | Early MCI (n = 161) | Late MCI (n = 258) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.6 ± 8.11 | 73.7 ± 8.39 | 75.2 ± 7.66 | <0.001a, b, c |
| Education (years) | 13.1 ± 3.61 | 11.8 ± 3.87 | 10.5 ± 4.63 | <0.001a, b, c |
| Gender (male, %) | 71 (40.1) | 93 (50.0) | 127 (46.0) | 0.164 |
| MCI reverters (%) | 54 (33.5) | 17 (6.6) | ||
| Follow-up (years) | 3.63 ± 2.27 | 3.71 ± 2.21 | 3.42 ± 2.12 | 0.380 |
| GDS | 3.46 ± 3.54 | 4.12 ± 3.46 | 4.04 ± 3.21 | 0.162 |
| MMSE | 28.7 ± 1.29 | 27.69 ± 1.45 | 26.55 ± 1.60 | <0.001a, b, c |
| STM | 2.60 ± 0.63 | 2.04 ± 0.93 | 1.54 ± 1.02 | <0.001a, b, c |
| WMS-LM | 12.87 ± 2.96 | 7.20 ± 1.45 | 2.25 ± 1.78 | <0.001a, b, c |
| CVVLT total recall | 28.34 ± 4.11 | 24.67 ± 4.86 | 21.02 ± 4.60 | <0.001a, b, c |
| CVVLT delay recall | 7.64 ± 1.50 | 6.12 ± 2.13 | 3.92 ± 2.48 | <0.001a, b, c |
| CFT immediate recall | 20.36 ± 6.75 | 14.97 ± 7.02 | 9.32 ± 6.53 | <0.001a, b, c |
| CFT delay recall | 19.56 ± 7.35 | 15.14 ± 6.95 | 8.56 ± 6.58 | <0.001a, b, c |
| CFT copy | 32.14 ± 3.11 | 30.74 ± 3.84 | 29.40 ± 5.19 | 0.269 |
| Clock drawing | 9.77 ± 0.59 | 9.52 ± 0.94 | 9.49 ± 0.92 | 0.504 |
| BNT | 28.40 ± 2.11 | 27.13 ± 2.98 | 25.81 ± 3.47 | <0.001a, b, c |
| Forward digit scan | 8.38 ± 0.81 | 8.18 ± 0.99 | 7.98 ± 1.10 | 0.001 |
| Backward digit scan | 5.29 ± 1.37 | 4.59 ± 1.35 | 4.21 ± 1.17 | <0.001a, b |
| VF-animal naming | 17.61 ± 4.64 | 15.02 ± 4.56 | 13.52 ± 4.07 | <0.001a, b, c |
| TMT-A (s) | 14.99 ± 7.67 | 19.71 ± 10.56 | 27.80 ± 18.46 | <0.001b, c |
| TMT-A (line) | 7 ± 0 | 7 ± 0 | 6.96 ± 0.40 | 0.712 |
| TMT-B (s) | 44.26 ± 26.8 | 66.03 ± 34.7 | 81.78 ± 34.8 | <0.001a, b, c |
| TMT-B (line) | 13.67 ± 1.67 | 12.95 ± 2.68 | 11.34 ± 4.26 | 0.001b, c |
Values are expressed as means ± SD. ANOVA with a least significant difference post-hoc test was used for demographic data, ANCOVA with a least significant difference post-hoc test was used for neuropsychological performance. p < 0.05;
a
normal vs. EMCI;
b
normal vs. LMCI;
c
EMCI vs. LMCI.
NC, normal cognition; MCI, early mild cognitive impairment; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, mini-mental status examination; STM, short-term memory; WMS-LM, Wechsler memory scale-logical memory; CVVLT, Chinese version of the verbal learning test; CFT, complex figure test; BNT, Boston naming test; VF, verbal fluency; TMT, trail making test.