Table 3.
Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis of the annual change in each neuropsychological test.
| Variable | Regression coefficient | SE | 95% CI | χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.653 | 0.106 | −0.861~−0.445 | 37.883 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.184 | 0.0927 | −0.366~−0.003 | 3.969 | 0.047 |
| STM | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.077 | 0.0261 | −0.128~−0.026 | 8.699 | 0.003 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.025 | 0.0302 | −0.084~0.035 | 0.662 | 0.416 |
| WMS Logical memory | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.117 | 0.1635 | −0.438~0.204 | 0.511 | 0.475 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.249 | 0.1998 | −0.641~0.142 | 1.557 | 0.212 |
| CVVLT total recall | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.448 | 0.1696 | −0.781~−0.116 | 6.992 | 0.008 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.056 | 0.1929 | −0.434~0.322 | 0.084 | 0.771 |
| CVVLT delayed recall | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.127 | 0.0833 | −0.290~0.036 | 2.331 | 0.127 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.086 | 0.0852 | −0.253~0.081 | 1.027 | 0.311 |
| CFT immediate recall | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.589 | 0.2911 | −1.159~−0.018 | 4.088 | 0.043 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.431 | 0.3073 | −1.034~0.171 | 1.971 | 0.16 |
| CFT delayed recall | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.562 | 0.2967 | −1.144~0.019 | 3.593 | 0.058 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.463 | 0.3206 | −1.091~0.165 | 2.085 | 0.149 |
| CFT copy | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.158 | 0.1295 | −0.412~0.095 | 1.497 | 0.221 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.038 | 0.1095 | −0.253~0.177 | 0.120 | 0.729 |
| Clock drawing | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.062 | 0.025 | −0.111~−0.013 | 6.109 | 0.013 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.005 | 0.018 | −0.040~0.031 | 0.067 | 0.796 |
| BNT | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.12 | 0.1003 | −0.317~0.076 | 1.437 | 0.231 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.054 | 0.0781 | −0.208~0.099 | 0.485 | 0.486 |
| Forward digit scan | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | 0.016 | 0.0287 | −0.040~0.072 | 0.305 | 0.581 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.026 | 0.0345 | −0.094~0.041 | 0.586 | 0.444 |
| Backward digit scan | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | 0.012 | 0.0355 | −0.054~0.077 | 0.125 | 0.724 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | 0.035 | 0.0348 | −0.033~0.103 | 1.005 | 0.316 |
| TMT-A (s) | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | 0.464 | 0.4141 | −0.348~1.275 | 1.253 | 0.263 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.031 | 0.3583 | −0.733~0.671 | 0.007 | 0.931 |
| TMT-B (s) | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | 1.398 | 0.8834 | −0.334~3.129 | 2.503 | 0.114 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | 0.759 | 0.883 | −0.971~2.490 | 0.739 | 0.39 |
| Verbal fluency | |||||
| Diagnosis*time (LMCI vs. NC) | −0.353 | 0.1664 | −0.679~−0.027 | 4.492 | 0.034 |
| Diagnosis*time (EMCI vs. NC) | −0.09 | 0.1648 | −0.413~0.233 | 0.300 | 0.584 |
NC, normal cognition; EMCI, early mild cognitive impairment; LMCI, late mild cognitive impairment; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, mini-mental status examination; STM, short-term memory; WMS-LM, Wechsler memory scale-logical memory; CVVLT, Chinese version of the verbal learning test; CFT, complex figure test; BNT, Boston naming test; TMT, trail making test.