. 2022 May 30;21(9):655–675. doi: 10.1038/s41573-022-00476-6

Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of various cell sources for cell-based therapeutics

Cell source	Examples	Effect on immune cells	Cell engraftment	Durability of response	Dosing	Refs
Autologous	HSCs, T cells	Recognized as self, no need for immunosuppression	Potentially permanent	Long-term, highly viable	Re-administration possible, variability in dosing	^{20,21,227,228}
Allogeneic	MSCs, NK cells, B cells	Cells recognized as foreign, immunosuppression required	Transient engraftment	Short-term, variable	Re-administration possible, good control over dosing	^25,229,230
Xenogeneic	Porcine pancreatic islet cells, choroid plexus cells	Cells and proteins recognized as foreign, immunosuppression required	Transient engraftment	Short-term, variable	Low feasibility for re-administration, limited control over dosing	^169,175,231
Sequestered cells (encapsulation or device)	β-Cells^167,232, RPE cells^154,233,234, hepatocytes²³⁵	Shielded from immune system, no need for immuosuppression	User-defined engraftment	User-defined, potentially long-term	Re-administration possible, good control over dosing	^{153,164,175,227,228,236,237}
Genetically modified non-immunogenic cells	Universal cells	Not recognized by the immune system	Potentially permanent	Long-term, highly viable	Re-administration possible, variability in dosing	¹⁶¹

HSC, haematopoietic stem cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NK, natural killer; RPE cell, retinal pigment epithelial cell.