TABLE 3.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular disease for interquartile range increase in PM2.5 exposure in 2015 by models [National Health Insurance Service–National Health Information Database, South Korea, 2002–2018].
| Variable | Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
| Average PM2.5 d | |||
| All CVD (I00–I99) | 1.068 (1.056, 1.080) e | 1.127 (1.108, 1.146) e | 1.116 (1.097, 1.136) e |
| Stroke (I60–I64) | 1.009 (0.980, 1.038) | 1.050 (1.003, 1.099) f | 1.041 (0.995, 1.089) |
| FH55 d | |||
| All CVD (I00–I99) | 1.021 (1.015, 1.027) e | 1.044 (1.035, 1.053) e | 1.038 (1.028, 1.047) e |
| Stroke (I60–I64) | 1.001 (0.986, 1.017) | 1.016 (0.992, 1.041) | 1.009 (0.985, 1.034) |
Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular disease; FH55, the annual hours when average PM2.5 concentration was above 55.5 μg/m3; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
Model 1 included sex and age as covariates for all participants, including participants without individual-level data.
Model 2 included sex and age as covariates for selected participants, excluding participants without individual-level data.
Model 3 included sex, age, Body mass index, total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, and alcohol intake as covariates for selected participants, excluding some participants without individual-level data.
Interquartile ranges for PM2.5 and FH55 were 2.9 μg/m3 and 94 h, respectively.
Significant at 1% level.
Significant at 5% level.