Table 1.
Univariable analysis of covariates for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E)carriage in asymptomatic nursery children (n = 224) in Lower Saxony, 2014
| Covariate | ESBL-E carrier | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 5) | No (n = 219) | ||
| Demographic characteristic | |||
| Median age (years) | 3 | 2 | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2 | 123 | |
| Female | 3 | 96 | 0·5 (0·04–4·6) |
| District | |||
| Low cattle density | 2 | 138 | |
| High cattle density | 3 | 81 | 0·4 (0·03–3·5) |
| Siblings | |||
| Yes | 3 | 147 | |
| No | 2 | 72 | 0·7 (0·08–9·0) |
| Occupation of parents | |||
| Meat sector | |||
| Yes | 1 | 4 | |
| No | 4 | 215 | 18 (0·3–228) |
| Healthcare sector | |||
| Yes | 0 | 50 | |
| No | 5 | 169 | 0·0 (0·0–2·7) |
| Agriculture sector | |||
| Yes | 0 | 9 | |
| No | 5 | 210 | 0·0 (0·0–19·7) |
| Clinical history | |||
| Antibiotic treatment during preceding 6 months | |||
| Yes | 4 | 51 | |
| No | 1 | 168 | 13 (1·2–649) |
| Hospital stay during preceding 6 months | |||
| Yes | 1 | 10 | |
| No | 4 | 209 | 5 (0·1–59) |
| Food consumption | |||
| Raw milk | |||
| Yes | 3 | 21 | |
| No | 2 | 198 | 14 (1·5–173) |
| Crudités | |||
| Yes | 2 | 196 | |
| No | 3 | 23 | 0·1 (0–0·7) |
| Pasteurized milk | |||
| Yes | 0 | 148 | |
| No | 5 | 71 | 0·0 (0·0–0·4) |
| Game | |||
| Yes | 3 | 41 | |
| No | 2 | 178 | 7 (0·7–79) |
| Poultry meat | |||
| Yes | 4 | 113 | |
| No | 1 | 106 | 4 (0–185) |
| Sheep dairy products | |||
| Yes | 1 | 14 | |
| No | 4 | 205 | 3 (0·1–40) |
| Goat dairy products | |||
| Yes | 1 | 17 | |
| No | 4 | 202 | 3 (0·1–32) |
| Certified raw milk | |||
| Yes | 0 | 71 | |
| No | 5 | 148 | 0·0 (0·0–26) |
| Animal contact during preceding 7 days | |||
| Pet rodents (e.g. hamster) | |||
| Yes | 3 | 36 | |
| No | 2 | 183 | 8 (0·8–93) |
| General animal contact | |||
| Yes | 4 | 152 | |
| No | 1 | 67 | 2 (0·2–89) |
| Farm animals | |||
| Yes | 2 | 31 | |
| No | 3 | 188 | 4 (0·3–36) |
| Pets | |||
| Yes | 4 | 130 | |
| No | 1 | 89 | 3 (0·3–135) |
| Cattle | |||
| Yes | 2 | 22 | |
| No | 3 | 196 | 6 (0·5–54) |
| Chicken | |||
| Yes | 1 | 22 | |
| No | 4 | 197 | 2 (0·1–23) |
| Other activities | |||
| Sandbox | |||
| Yes | 5 | 207 | |
| No | 0 | 12 | — |
| Travelling | |||
| Yes | 0 | 15 | |
| No | 5 | 209 | 0·0 (0·0–1·5) |
| Swimming | |||
| Yes | 0 | 72 | |
| No | 5 | 147 | 0·0 (0·0–11) |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Statistically significant associations (P < 0·05) appear in bold.