Table 1.
Main microRNA linked to penile cancer.
| MicroRNAs | Function/Expression | Clinical Significance | Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-218 | TsmiR/Down | miR-218 was less expressed in hrHPV samples | RT-qPCR | (30) |
| miR-146a | TsmiR/Down | miR-146a had a decreased expression in hrHPV samples. Its low expression was mediated by oncoprotein E6. | RT-qPCR | (14) |
| miR-223-3p | oncomiR/Up | Specificity and sensibility to distinct between tumor and non-tumor samples | Microarray/qRT-PCR | (31) |
| NGS/qRT-PCR | (32) | |||
| Associated lymph node metastasis. | qRT-PCR | (12) | ||
| miR-224-5p | TsmiR/Down | Specificity and sensibility to distinct between tumor and non-tumor samples | Microarray/qRT-PCR | (31) |
| miR-31-5p | OncomiR/Up | The AR gene is targeted by miR-31-5p. This gene has already been observed as a driver gene in penile cancer. | ||
| miR-145-5p | TsmiR/Down | miR-145-5p targets gene MMP1, which showed increased expression levels in samples from patients with lymph node metastasis | Microarray/qRT-PCR | (31) |
| Reduced expression was associated with perineural invasion | qRT-PCR | (13) | ||
| miR-1 | TsmiR/Down | The reduced expression of these three microRNAs can predict metastasis. | TaqMan Array | (11) |
| miR-101 | ||||
| miR-204 | ||||
| miR-107 | OncomiR/Up | High expression when comparing tumor and non-tumor samples. | NGS/qRT-PCR | (32) |
| Associated with worsening of prognosis: histological grade II and III, tumors bigger than 2.0 cm, stage III and IV, and lower disease-free survival | qRT-PCR | (12) | ||
| miR-21-5p | OncomiR/Up | Was correlated to the absence of PTEN protein expression | qRT-PCR | (12) |
| miR-137 | TsmiR/Down | Reduced expression in patients with lymph node metastasis. | Microarray qRT-PCR | (33) |
| miR-328-3p |