Table 1.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators of Sample Students (N = 9,654)
| Variable | n | Frequency (%) | M | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Student gender | ||||
| Male | 4,769 | 49.4 | ||
| Female | 4,885 | 50.6 | ||
| Student race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 6,171 | 64.2 | ||
| African American | 999 | 10.4 | ||
| Latinx | 1,248 | 13.0 | ||
| Asian American | 695 | 7.2 | ||
| Other race/ethnicity | 504 | 5.2 | ||
| Student immigration status | ||||
| 1st generation | 843 | 8.8 | ||
| 2nd generation | 977 | 10.2 | ||
| 3rd generation | 7,745 | 81.0 | ||
| Family SES | .14 | .74 | ||
| Family structure intact | ||||
| No | 3,597 | 37.3 | ||
| Yes | 6,057 | 62.7 | ||
| Ever retained in grade | ||||
| No | 8,476 | 88.8 | ||
| Yes | 1,070 | 11.2 | ||
| Learning disability | ||||
| No | 8,525 | 89.0 | ||
| Yes | 1,054 | 11.0 | ||
| School urbanicity | ||||
| Urban | 2,975 | 30.8 | ||
| Suburban | 4,760 | 49.3 | ||
| Rural | 1,919 | 19.9 | ||
| School geographic region | ||||
| Northeast | 1,686 | 17.5 | ||
| Midwest | 2,655 | 27.5 | ||
| South | 3,592 | 37.2 | ||
| West | 1,721 | 17.8 |