Table 3.
Average Attribute Importance and Univariable Linear Regression Results Testing Differences in Mean Attribute Importance by Participant Characteristics
| Parameter | Sensitivity for Early HCC | Risk of Physical Harms | Risk of Financial Harms | Test Logistics | Convenience |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean (95% CI) | 51.2 (49.0 to 53.4) | 7.6 (7.0 to 8.2) | 15.2 (14.0,16.3) | 16.7 (15.4 to 18.1) | 9.3 (8.5 to 10.1) |
| Comparisons: Mean importance differences (99% CI) | |||||
| Parameter | Sensitivity | False Positive Rate | Cost | Involvement | Time |
| Age | P = .39 | P = .76 | P = .23 | P = .98 | P = .39 |
| Age: per 10 y | −0.7 (−2.9 to 1.5) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) | 0.6 (−0.6 to 1.7) | −0.0 (−1.4 to 1.4) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) |
| Location | P = .38 | p = .32 | p = .43 | p = .22 | p = .14 |
| Chicago vs UT Southwestern/Parkland | −3.2 (−10.1 to 3.7) | 0.4 (−1.5 to 2.3) | 1.3 (−2.4 to 4.9) | −0.3 (−4.5 to 4.0) | 1.8 (−0.7 to 4.3) |
| Michigan vs UT Southwestern/Parkland | −3.1 (−10.0 to 3.8) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 3.1) | −0.7 (−4.4 to 3.0) | 2.5 (−1.8 to 6.8) | 0.1 (−2.4 to 2.7) |
| Sex | p = .35 | p = .94 | p = .44 | p = .63 | p = .52 |
| Female vs Male | 2.1 (−3.7 to 7.8) | 0.0 (−1.6 to 1.7) | −0.9 (−4.0 to 2.1) | −0.7 (−4.2 to 2.9) | −0.5 (−2.6 to 1.6) |
| Race | p = .14 | p = .17 | p = .31 | p = .99 | p = .14 |
| Black vs White | −5.0 (−12.9 to 2.8) | 1.9 (−0.3 to 4.1) | 1.8 (−2.4 to 6.0) | 0.0 (−4.9 to 5.0) | 1.4 (−1.5 to 4.2) |
| Hispanic vs White | −5.6 (−13.6 to 2.3) | 0.0 (−2.2 to 2.2) | 2.7 (−1.6 to 6.9) | 0.7 (−4.3 to 5.7) | 2.2 (−0.7 to 5.2) |
| Other vs White | 1.0 (−10.1 to 12.2) | 0.5 (−2.7 to 3.6) | −0.7 (−6.7 to 5.3) | 0.2 (−6.8 to 7.2) | −0.9 (−5.0 to 3.2) |
| Ethnicity | p = .01a | p = .46 | p = .04 | p = .19 | p = .01a |
| Hispanic vs non-Hispanic | −7.5 (−14.8 to −0.3)b | −0.6 (−2.7 to 1.5) | 3.2 (−0.7 to 7.0) | 2.3 (−2.2 to 6.9) | 2.6 (−0.0 to 5.3) |
| Education | p = .05 | p = .18 | p = .54 | p = .76 | p = .002a |
| ≤ High school vs ≥ college | −4.6 (−10.4 to 1.3) | 0.9 (−0.8 to 2.5) | 0.7 (−2.4 to 3.9) | 0.4 (−3.2 to 4.0) | 2.5 (0.4 to 4.7)b |
| Health insurance | p = .07 | p = .87 | p = .06 | p = .70 | p = .06 |
| Medicaid vs employer | −8.7 (−18.1 to 0.6) | −0.6 (−3.3 to 2.1) | 4.0 (−1.0 to 8.9) | 2.5 (−3.4 to 8.4) | 2.9 (−0.5 to 6.3) |
| Medicare vs employer | −5.3 (−12.1 to 1.6) | −0.8 (−2.8 to 1.1) | 3.4 (−0.2 to 7.0) | 0.6 (−3.7 to 4.9) | 2.1 (−0.4 to 4.6) |
| None vs employer | −8.7 (−25.0 to 7.7) | −0.4 (−5.1 to 4.3) | 6.6 (−2.2 to 15.3) | 3.7 (−6.6 to 14.0) | −1.2 (−7.2 to 4.8) |
| Other vs employer | −10.0 (−22.7 to 2.6) | −0.4 (−4.0 to 3.3) | 4.7 (−2.1 to 11.4) | 2.5 (−5.5 to 10.4) | 3.3 (−1.4 to 7.9) |
| Employment status | p = .47 | p = .60 | p = .56 | p = .66 | p = .76 |
| Disability vs full time | −3.8 (−12.5 to 5.0) | −1.1 (−3.5 to 1.4) | 2.8 (−1.9 to 7.5) | 0.7 (−4.7 to 6.2) | 1.3 (−1.9 to 4.6) |
| Part-time vs full time | 3.4 (−10.6 to 17.5) | −1.6 (−5.6 to 2.3) | 0.1 (−7.4 to 7.6) | −3.7 (−12.4 to 5.0) | 1.8 (−3.4 to 7.0) |
| Prefer not to answer vs full time | −0.3 (−20.4 to 19.7) | −3.4 (−9.0 to 2.3) | 3.1 (−7.5 to 13.8) | 1.9 (−10.6 to 14.3) | −1.3 (−8.7 to 6.0) |
| Retired vs full time | −1.6 (−9.0 to 5.8) | −1.0 (−3.1 to 1.1) | 1.5 (−2.5 to 5.4) | 0.4 (−4.2 to 5.0) | 0.7 (−2.0 to 3.4) |
| Unemployed vs full time | −7.4 (−18.9 to 4.1) | −1.0 (−4.2 to 2.2) | 3.6 (−2.5 to 9.7) | 3.1 (−4.1 to 10.2) | 1.8 (−2.5 to 6.0) |
| Household income | p = .01a | p = .39 | p = .07 | p = .20 | p = .03a |
| <$50,000 vs ≥$50,000 | −9.2 (−17.6 to −0.9)b | 0.8 (−1.5 to 3.1) | 3.2 (−1.4 to 7.9) | 2.7 (−2.7 to 8.1) | 2.5 (−0.4 to 5.5) |
| Income reported | p = .84 | p = .28 | p = .48 | p = .97 | p = .42 |
| Reported vs Not reported | −0.4 (−6.2 to 5.3) | 0.7 (−0.9 to 2.3) | −0.8 (−3.9 to 2.2) | −0.1 (−3.6 to 3.5) | 0.7 (−1.4 to 2.8) |
| Commute time | p = .28 | p = .68 | p = .10 | p = .29 | p = .04 |
| 0−10 min vs 31−60 min | 1.4 (−10.5 to 13.3) | 1.6 (−1.8 to 5.0) | −3.1 (−9.4 to 3.2) | 0.4 (−7.0 to 7.8) | −0.3 (−4.6 to 4.0) |
| 11−30 min vs 31−60 min | −2.6 (−9.5 to 4.2) | 1.1 (−0.8 to 3.1) | 2.1 (−1.5 to 5.7) | −1.2 (−5.4 to 3.1) | 0.6 (−1.9 to 3.1) |
| 121−180 min vs 31−60 min | 6.4 (−6.0 to 18.7) | −0.2 (−3.7 to 3.3) | −4.2 (−10.7 to 2.4) | 2.2 (−5.4 to 9.9) | −4.3 (−8.7 to 0.2) |
| 61−120 min vs 31−60 min | −5.6 (−14.2 to 3.1) | 1.2 (−1.2 to 3.7) | 2.0 (−2.6 to 6.5) | 0.4 (−5.0 to 5.7) | 2.0 (−1.1 to 5.1) |
| >181 min vs 31−60 min | 4.5 (−15.1 to 24.0) | 0.7 (−4.9 to 6.2) | 3.0 (−7.3 to 13.3) | −10.8 (−22.9 to 1.3) | 2.6 (−4.4 to 9.7) |
| Prefer not to answer vs 31−60 min | 7.9 (−30.4 to 46.2) | 2.0 (−8.9 to 12.9) | 4.1 (−16.2 to 24.3) | −7.4 (−31.1 to 16.3) | −6.6 (−20.4 to 7.2) |
| Patient perception of lifetime cancer risk | p = .81 | p = .72 | p = .68 | p = .58 | p = .27 |
| Very likely vs neutral | 0.1 (−10.6 to 10.9) | −0.4 (−3.5 to 2.6) | 1.5 (−4.2 to 7.2) | −1.8 (−8.4 to 4.8) | 0.6 (−3.3 to 4.5) |
| Likely vs neutral | 0.5 (−6.4 to 7.4) | −0.7 (−2.6 to 1.3) | 0.4 (−3.3 to 4.0) | −2.1 (−6.3 to 2.2) | 1.9 (−0.6 to 4.4) |
| Unlikely vs neutral | −0.2 (−9.7 to 9.3) | −0.8 (−3.5 to 1.9) | 2.8 (−2.3 to 7.9) | −1.3 (−7.2 to 4.6) | −0.5 (−4.0 to 2.9) |
| Very unlikely vs neutral | −7.0 (−22.1 to 8.1) | 1.3 (−3.0 to 5.5) | 1.1 (−6.9 to 9.1) | 2.7 (−6.6 to 12.0) | 1.9 (−3.6 to 7.4) |
| Patient Perception of cancer curability with early stage | p = .93 | p = .85 | p = .96 | p = .71 | p = .71 |
| Very likely vs neutral | −1.8 (−11.1 to 7.6) | 0.3 (−2.4 to 2.9) | −0.1 (−5.1 to 4.9) | −0.3 (−6.1 to 5.5) | 1.9 (−1.5 to 5.3) |
| Likely vs neutral | −1.5 (−8.4 to 5.5) | 0.8 (−1.1 to 2.8) | −0.5 (−4.2 to 3.2) | 0.6 (−3.7 to 4.9) | 0.5 (−2.0 to 3.1) |
| Unlikely vs neutral | −1.4 (−13.4 to 10.6) | 0.1 (−3.2 to 3.5) | −1.8 (−8.2 to 4.6) | 2.3 (−5.1 to 9.8) | 0.8 (−3.6 to 5.2) |
| Very unlikely vs neutral | −4.6 (−18.5 to 9.4) | 0.3 (−3.6 to 4.3) | −0.0 (−7.5 to 7.4) | 4.0 (−4.6 to 12.6) | 0.3 (−4.8 to 5.4) |
| Patient perception of the chance of detecting cancer at an early stage with surveillance | p = .96 | p = .24 | p = .90 | p = .82 | p = .54 |
| All of the time vs most of the time | −1.8 (−11.0 to 7.4) | 1.4 (−1.1 to 4.0) | −0.3 (−5.2 to 4.6) | 1.1 (−4.6 to 6.8) | −0.4 (−3.8 to 2.9) |
| Some of the time vs most of the time | 0.7 (−12.0 to 13.4) | 1.7 (−1.9 to 5.2) | 1.7 (−5.0 to 8.5) | −2.3 (−10.1 to 5.6) | −1.8 (−6.4 to 2.8) |
| Rarely vs most of the time | −0.0 (−7.2 to 7.1) | 1.1 (−0.9 to 3.1) | 0.5 (−3.3 to 4.3) | −0.3 (−4.8 to 4.1) | −1.2 (−3.9 to 1.4) |
| Child-Pugh class | p = .60 | p = .95 | p = .27 | p = .94 | p = .97 |
| B vs A | −0.3 (−8.1 to 7.6) | 0.1 (−2.2 to 2.3) | 0.7 (−3.5 to 4.9) | −0.3 (−5.2 to 4.5) | −0.2 (−3.1 to 2.7) |
| C vs A | −4.5 (−16.1 to 7.1) | −0.4 (−3.6 to 2.9) | 3.8 (−2.3 to 10.0) | 0.8 (−6.4 to 8.0) | 0.2 (−4.0 to 4.5) |
| MELD score | p = .80 | p = .22 | p = .44 | p = .69 | p = .88 |
| MELD score: per 5 points | −0.3 (−2.8 to 2.3) | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.4) | 0.4 (−1.0 to 1.8) | 0.2 (−1.3 to 1.8) | −0.1 (−1.0 to 0.9) |
NOTE. Attribute “importance” is the estimated average relative importance participants placed on that attribute when making product selection decisions. For each participant, attribute importance (%) is calculated as the range of their part-worth utilities for that attribute, divided by the sum of the ranges for all attributes multiplied by 100 (ie, ). Reported values in the first row above are the average importances across all 179 participants. CI, confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; UT Southwestern, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
a
Overall P value.
b
P < .01.