Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Individuals Without AMD and Individuals With Any AMD (Early AMD According to the Three Continent AMD Consortium Severity Scale or Late AMD)
| No AMD (n = 1635) | Any AMD (n = 627) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (% male) | 796 (48.7) | 281 (44.8) | 0.10 |
| Age (y), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 77.6 ± 4.7 (74.0; 76.8; 80.6) | 79.9 ± 5.1 (75.6; 79.3; 83.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.53 | ||
| Current | 90 (5.5) | 36 (5.8) | |
| Former | 644 (39.5) | 230 (36.9) | |
| Never | 897 (55.0) | 357 (57.3) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m²), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 27.7 ± 4.5 (24.7; 27.2; 30.4) | 27.7 ± 4.6 (24.8; 27.1; 30.0) | 0.97 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 334 (20.4) | 126 (20.1) | 0.86 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 0.95 ± 0.09 (0.89; 0.95; 1.01) | 0.95 ± 0.09 (0.88; 0.94; 1.01) | 0.83 |
| Alcohol (g/d), mean ± SD | 10.1 ± 12.4 | 9.3 ± 10.5 | 0.17 |
| Extreme light exposure in the past, n (%) | 122 (7.5) | 39 (6.3) | 0.32 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 160 ± 84 (102; 140; 195) | 152 ± 87 (93; 134; 183) | 0.04 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | |||
| LDL | 142 ± 35 (116; 141; 164) | 140 ± 34 (116; 139; 163) | 0.20 |
| HDL | 60.7 ± 15.2 (49.6; 59.0,69.8) | 62.4 ± 16.3 (50.9; 61.7; 71.3) | 0.02 |
| Total | 218 ± 46 (185; 218; 248) | 217 ± 46 (185; 216; 249) | 0.70 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL),* mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 0.43 ± 0.56 (0.21; 0.21; 0.42) | 0.47 ± 0.79 (0.21; 0.21; 0.43) | 0.19 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 39.9 ± 7.3 (35.5; 38.4; 42.1) | 39.5 ± 7.6 (35.1; 37.7; 41.9) | 0.34 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 68.7 ± 15.9 | 66.0 ± 17.4 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | |||
| Systolic | 132 ± 18 (119; 131; 143) | 131 ± 18 (119; 131; 142) | 0.82 |
| Diastolic | 77 ± 11 (70; 77; 84) | 75 ± 10 (69; 75; 82) | 0.004 |
| Hypertension,† n (%) | 1178 (72.1) | 458 (73.2) | 0.63 |
| Cardiovascular disease,‡ n (%) | 345 (21.3) | 140 (22.5) | 0.53 |
| Medication intake, n (%) | 1576 (96.6) | 607 (97.4) | 0.30 |
| Hand grip strength (kg), mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 30.7 ± 9.9 (23.0; 28.8; 38.3) | 29.0 ± 9.5 (21.8; 27.0; 35.6) | <0.001 |
| Relative telomere length, mean ± SD (25th; 50th; 75th percentile) | 0.91 ± 0.18 (0.78; 0.90; 1.03) | 0.88 ± 0.17 (0.76; 0.86; 0.98) | <0.001 |
Statistically significant p values are presented in bold.
LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CRP = C-reactive protein; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
CRP has a lower limit of detection (LOD) of <0.3, which was replaced by the value = LOD/sqrt(2).
†
Hypertension was defined by systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs.
‡
Cardiovascular disease was defined as a history of myocardial infarction, stroke, and/or presence of coronary stents or bypass.