FIGURE 1.

Astilbin decreases CD4⁺ T cell functions. (A) TNF-α⁺, IFN-γ⁺, and CCR9⁺ of CD4⁺T cells treated with various doses of astilbin. Mean ± SD; n = 3. (B) CD4⁺ T cell division by CFSE dilution. (C) Proliferative capacity of CD4⁺ T cells evaluated by Ki67. Mean ± SD; n = 3. (D) Apoptosis of astilbin-treated CD4⁺ T cells stained by Annexin V and PI. Mean ± SD; n = 3. (E) Blood glucose levels of NOD mice intraperitoneally injected with astilbin. Mean ± SEM; n = 10. (F) Weight curves of NOD mice. Mean ± SEM; n = 10. (G) Infiltrated CD4⁺ cells in the pancreas of NOD mice. Mean ± SD; n = 10. Variations of TNF-α (H) and IFN-γ (I) in human CD4⁺ T cells as treated by astilbin for 24 h. Mean ± SEM; n = 4. All ex vivo experiments were repeated at least three times. Experiments of astilbin-treated NOD mice were conducted twice. p values (*p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ns, no significant difference) determined by one-way ANOVA (A–C,G), two-way ANOVA (E,F,H,I).