Table 3.

Association of smoking with all-cause mortality in the study cohort and excluding first two years mortality

	Study cohort AHR (95% CI)	Study cohort excluding mortalities in first 2 years AHR (95% CI)
Model 1
Smoking status
Non-smoker (Ref.)
Smoker	2.42 (1.55–3.76)	2.58 (1.62–4.09)
Age (years)
25 –34 (Ref.)
35–44	0.63 (0.28–1.42)	0.59 (0.26–1.36)
45–54	2.51 (1.25–5.02)	2.44 (1.19–5.02)
55–64	6.25 (3.20–12.20)	5.68 (2.83–11.40)
Model 2
Smoking status
Non-smoker (Ref.)
Smoker	1.68 (1.03–2.71)	1.81 (1.10–3.02)
Age (years)
25 –34 (Ref.)
35–44	0.64 (0.28–1.43)	0.59 (0.26–1.37)
45–54	2.50 (1.25–5.03)	2.43 (1.18–5.02)
55–64	6.32 (3.25–12.31)	5.75 (2.88–11.50)
Gender
Male	2.24 (1.51–3.34)	2.15 (1.41–3.27)
Female (Ref.)
Model 3
Smoking status
Non-smoker (Ref.)
Smoker	1.79 (1.12–2.97)	1.83 (1.11–3.02)
Age (years)
25 –34 (Ref.)
35–44	0.56 (0.26–1.21)	0.51 (0.23–1.14)
45–54	1.75 (0.87–53.49)	1.62 (0.79–3.33)
55–64	3.87 (1.94–7.71)	3.27 (1.61–6.65)
Gender
Male	2.37 (1.61–2.50)	2.33 (1.54–3.53)
Female (Ref.)
Education level
≤Primary	3.36 (1.09–10.38)	3.35 (1.06–10.62)
Secondary	3.14 (1.05–9.33)	2.69 (0.88–8.19)
Tertiary (Ref.)
Physical activity
Active (Ref.)
Not active	0.98 (0.62–1.56)	0.94 (0.58–1.53)
Alcohol drinker
Yes	0.87 (0.62–1.56)	0.98 (0.44–2.17)
No (Ref.)
Hypercholesterolemia
Yes	1.26 (0.79–2.00)	1.34 (0.82–2.20)
No (Ref.)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	1.27 (0.91–1.99)	1.14 (0.71–1.47)
No (Ref.)
Hypertension
Yes	2.13 (1.23–3.57)	2.17 (1.23–3.85)
No (Ref.)
Ethnicity
Malay	1.39 (0.84–2.30)	1.44 (0.84–2.50)
Chinese	1.26 (0.64–2.44)	1.30 (0.63–2.69)
Other (Ref.)

AHR: adjusted hazard ratio from multivariable Cox regression analysis. Proportional hazards assumption was met in all models (p>0.05).