Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients
| Clinical characteristics and outcomes | All cohort | 90-Day mortality |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivors | Nonsurvivors | p | ||
| N | 600 | 482 | 118 | — |
| Age, median years (IQR) | 72.0 (24.0) | 67.5 (23.0) | 85.0 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 335 (55.8) | 273 (56.6) | 62 (52.5) | 0.422 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 23 (3.8) | 20 (4.1) | 3 (2.5) | 0.415 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 321 (53.5) | 243 (50.4) | 78 (66.1) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 214 (35.7) | 180 (37.3) | 34 (28.8) | 0.083 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 132 (22.0) | 103 (21.4) | 29 (24.6) | 0.451 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 118 (19.7) | 102 (21.2) | 16 (13.6) | 0.063 |
| Chronic cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 100 (16.7) | 64 (13.3) | 36 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 36 (6.0) | 23 (4.8) | 13 (11.0) | 0.010 |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 73 (12.2) | 46 (9.5) | 27 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 70 (11.7) | 44 (9.1) | 26 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 86 (14.3) | 64 (13.3) | 22 (18.6) | 0.136 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 63 (10.5) | 50 (10.4) | 13 (11.0) | 0.838 |
| Status at hospital admission | ||||
| Days since symptoms onset to hospital admission, median years (IQR) a596 | 5.0 (6.0) | 6.0 (5.0) | 3.0 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.5 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 340 (56.7) | 256 (53.1) | 84 (71.2) | <0.001 |
| Bilateral pneumonia in the chest x-ray, n (%) | 369 (61.6) | 289 (60.00) | 80 (68.4) | 0.100 |
| PaO2/FIO2 (<400), n (%) | 192 (32.0) | 161 (33.4) | 31 (26.3) | 0.137 |
| MAP (<70 mmHg), n (%) a599 | 568 (94.8) | 455 (94.6) | 113 (95.8) | 0.608 |
| Glasgow (<15), n (%) | 40 (6.7) | 19 (3.9) | 21 (17.8) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters at hospital admission | ||||
| Hyperglycemia (glucose >126 mg/dL), n (%) | 254 (42.3) | 194 (40.2) | 60 (50.8) | 0.037 |
| Creatinine ≥1.2 mg/dL, n (%) | 141 (23.5) | 88 (18.3) | 53 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| Bilirrubin ≥1.2 mg/dL, n (%) a599 | 30 (5.0) | 23 (4.8) | 7 (6.0) | 0.590 |
| Hypertransaminasemia (ALT >40 UI/L), n (%) a596 | 157 (26.3) | 137 (28.7) | 20 (16.9) | 0.010 |
| Hypernatremia (Na >145 mmol/L), n (%) | 43 (7.20) | 13 (2.70) | 30 (25.40) | <0.001 |
| LDH >250 UI/L, n (%) a588 | 397 (67.50) | 314 (66.50) | 83 (71.60) | 0.300 |
| Lactate >2 mmol/L, n (%) | 116 (19.30) | 83 (17.20) | 33 (28.00) | 0.008 |
| Hemoglobin <13 g/dL, n (%) | 463 (77.20) | 384 (79.70) | 79 (66.90) | 0.003 |
| D-Dimers >500 ng/mL, n (%) a592 | 319 (53.90) | 237 (49.80) | 82 (70.70) | <0.001 |
| Thrombocytopenia (platelets <150 cell × 103/μL), n (%) | 185 (30.08) | 141 (29.30) | 44 (37.30) | 0.090 |
| C-reactive protein >150 mg/L, n (%) | 101 (16.80) | 69 (14.30) | 32 (27.10) | 0.001 |
| Lymphopenia <1000 cells/mm3, n (%) | 322 (53.70) | 245 (50.80) | 77 (65.30) | 0.005 |
| Neutrophilia >7500 cells/mm3, n (%) a599 | 119 (19.90) | 80 (16.60) | 39 (33.10) | <0.001 |
| Monocytopenia <200 cells/mm3, n (%) a599 | 41 (6.80) | 31 (6.40) | 10 (8.50) | 0.434 |
| Positive N-antigenemia (Abbott), n (%) | 332 (55.30) | 250 (51.90) | 82 (69.50) | <0.001 |
| RNAemia (YES), n (%) a581 | 199 (34.30) | 140 (29.90) | 59 (52.70) | <0.001 |
| Viral RNA load in plasma (copies N1/mL) a581 | 0.00 (209.92) | 0.00 (142.03) | 158.24 (932.45) | <0.001 |
| Viral RNA load in plasma (copies N2/mL) a581 | 0.00 (252.34) | 0.00 (187.50) | 134.52 (1206.57) | <0.001 |
| Seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies ≥1.4 AU/mL, n (%) a586 | 253 (43.20) | 217 (46.00) | 36 (31.60) | 0.005 |
| anti-SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies, AU/mL a586 | 0.68 (4.25) | 0.96 (4.49) | 0.19 (2.81) | 0.006 |
| Seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies ≥50 AU/mL, n (%) a586 | 285 (48.60) | 243 (51.50) | 42 (36.80) | 0.005 |
| anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies, AU/mL a586 | 36.45 (362.17) | 61.10 (455.13) | 6.35 (178.25) | 0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 58 (9.70) | 51 (10.60) | 7 (5.90) | 0.126 |
| Heparin, n (%) a599 | 440 (73.50) | 361 (74.90) | 79 (67.50) | 0.105 |
| Corticoids, n (%) a599 | 443 (74.00) | 351 (72.80) | 92 (78.60) | 0.199 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 97 (16.20) | 80 (16.60) | 17 (14.40) | 0.562 |
| Azithromycin, n (%) | 270 (45.00) | 206 (42.70) | 64 (54.20) | 0.024 |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS, n (%) | 150 (25.00) | 118 (24.50) | 32 (27.10) | 0.553 |
| Acute cardiac failure, n (%) ∗598 | 42 (7.00) | 26 (5.40) | 16 (13.80) | 0.001 |
| Acute renal failure, n (%) ∗598 | 35 (5.90) | 25 (5.20) | 10 (8.60) | 0.157 |
| Acute arrhythmia, n (%) | 43 (7.20) | 24 (5.00) | 19 (16.10) | <0.001 |
| Nosocomial infection, n (%) ∗598 | 66 (11.00) | 46 (9.50) | 20 (17.20) | 0.018 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 57 (9.50) | 43 (8.90) | 14 (11.90) | 0.328 |
| Length of hospital stay, median days (IQR) | 8.00 (9.00) | 8.00 (7.00) | 10.50 (11.00) | 0.008 |
The continuous variables are represented as median (IQR) and the categorical variables as absolute count (%). The differences between groups were assessed using the chi-squared or Fisher's Exact Tests for the categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for the continuous variables.
Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AU: arbitrary units; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactic acid dehydrogenase; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
aFor those variables with missing values, the sample size is detailed following the superscipt letter. Significant p values are highlighted in bold letter.