Table 1.

Mechanisms of action of selected herbal immunomodulators.

Drug	Reported mechanisms	References
Garlic extract	⁃Boost the IFNγ and IL-4 production ⁃Decrease the IL-2 production in Peyer's patches of mice intestine.	Ota et al. (2012)
Allicin	⁃The inhibitory effect on NF- κB activation. ⁃Negative effect on migration of human T cell	Bruck et al. (2005)
Glycyrrhizin	⁃It induces the level of TNF-α and IL-1β in the case of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	(Xie, Y.-C. et al., 2009)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl)	⁃Suppresses IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-activated macrophages, in MAPK dependent pathways, and bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Kim et al. (2018)
Long pepper (Piper longum L.)	⁃Inhibits allergic Inflammation by Inhibiting Th2/Th17 responses and mast cell activation. ⁃Regulate the balance of cytokine production from Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. ⁃Inhibits GATA3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, RORγt, IL-17A, TNF-α expression ⁃It increases the secretions of IL-10, INF-γ.	Bui et al. (2017)
n- Gingerol and 6-gengerol	⁃Prevents Th2-mediated immune responses ⁃Inhibit the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12.	(Ahui et al., 2008; Tripathi et al., 2007)
Guduchi	⁃A D-glucan noncytotoxic immune-stimulatory polysaccharide mediates Th1 type-specific immune response.	Nair et al. (2008)