Table 2.
Summary of odd ratios of host characteristics for human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence estimated by univariate logistic regression analysis (n = 912)
| Factor | Category | HPV positive (%)* | OR | 95% CI | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ⩽34 (n = 121) | 9 (7·4) | 1 | 0·541 | |
| 35–44 (n = 286) | 24 (8·4) | 1·14 | 0·51–2·53 | ||
| 45–54 (n = 232) | 21 (9·1) | 1·24 | 0·55–2·80 | ||
| 55–64 (n = 194) | 10 (5·2) | 0·68 | 0·27–1·72 | ||
| ⩾65 (n = 79) | 8 (10·1) | 1·40 | 0·52–3·80 | ||
| Marriage | Married (n = 728) | 54 (7·4) | 1 | 0·288 | |
| Single, divorced and other∥ (n = 184) | 18 (9·8) | 1·35 | 0·77–2·37 | ||
| Education | ⩽ Elementary school (n = 228) | 11 (4·8) | 1 | 0·177 | |
| High school (n = 425) | 41 (9·7) | 2·11 | 1·06–4·18 | ||
| ⩾ College (n = 257) | 20 (7·8) | 1·67 | 0·78–3·55 | ||
| Missing (n = 2) | 0 | — | — | ||
| No. of children | No (n = 27) | 1 (3·7) | 1 | 0·674 | |
| 1 (n = 107) | 10 (9·4) | 2·68 | 0·33–21·90 | ||
| 2 (n = 416) | 29 (7·0) | 1·95 | 0·26–14·87 | ||
| ⩾ 3 (n = 328) | 28 (8·5) | 2·42 | 0·32–18·55 | ||
| Missing (n = 34) | 4 (11·8) | 3·47 | 0·36–32·99 | ||
| Oral contraceptive use | Never (n = 733) | 50 (6·8) | 1 | 0·007 | |
| Ever used (n = 157) | 17 (10·8 | 1·66 | 0·93–2·96 | ||
| Current use (n = 9) | 3 (33·3) | 6·83 | 1·66–28·13 | ||
| Missing (n = 13) | 2 (15·4) | 2·48 | 0·54–11·51 | ||
| Menopausal status | Pre-menopause (n = 482) | 39 (8·1) | 1 | 0·671 | |
| Menopause (n = 421) | 33 (7·8) | 0·97 | 0·60–1·57 | ||
| Missing (n = 9) | 0 | — | — | ||
| Smoking | Never smoker (n = 823) | 66 (8·0) | 1 | 0·260 | |
| Ever smoker (n = 26) | 4 (15·4) | 2·09 | 0·70–6·23 | ||
| Current smoker (n = 59) | 2 (3·4) | 0·40 | 0·10–1·69 | ||
| Missing (n = 4) | 0 | — | — | ||
| Alcohol intake | Non-drinker (n = 407) | 27 (6·6) | 1 | 0·632 | |
| Ever drinker (n = 80) | 7 (8·8) | 1·35 | 0·57–3·22 | ||
| Current drinker (n = 424) | 38 (9·0) | 1·39 | 0·83–2·32 | ||
| Missing (n = 1) | 0 | — | — | ||
| Duration of marriage (years) | <10 (n = 124) | 8 (6·5) | 1 | 0·600 | |
| ⩽19 (n = 230) | 17 (7·4) | 1·16 | 0·49–2·76 | ||
| ⩽29 (n = 224) | 22 (9·8) | 1·58 | 0·68–3·66 | ||
| ⩽39 (n = 160) | 9 (5·6) | 0·86 | 0·32–2·31 | ||
| ⩾40 (n = 101) | 8 (7·9) | 1·25 | 0·45–3·45 | ||
| Missing (n = 73) | 8 (11·0) | 1·79 | 0·64–4·98 | ||
| Method of contraception | Condom (n = 84) | 2 (2·4) | 0·012 | ||
| Condom + other‡ (n = 96) | 7 (7·3) | 3·23 | 0·65–15·97 | ||
| Oral contraceptive + other‡ (n = 84) | 14 (16·7) | 8·20 | 1·80–37·33 | ||
| Other‡ (n = 596) | 44 (7·4) | 3·27 | 0·78–13·74 | ||
| Not used (n = 52) | 5 (5·6) | 4·36 | 0·81–23·37 | ||
| Douching | 1–2 times per week (n = 92) | 11 (12·0) | 1 | 0·638 | |
| ⩾ Every other day (n = 739) | 54 (7·3) | 0·58 | 0·29–1·16 | ||
| 1–2 times a month (n = 13) | 1 (7·7) | 0·61 | 0·07–5·19 | ||
| No (n = 21) | 2 (9·5) | 0·76 | 0·16–3·79 | ||
| Missing (n = 47) | 4 (8·5) | 0·69 | 0·21–2·28 | ||
| Hygiene habits after sexual intercourse | By douche or shower (n = 578) | 48 (8·3) | 1 | 0·129 | |
| Using paper or tissue (n = 185) | 11 (6·0) | 0·70 | 0·36–1·37 | ||
| No sanitation (n = 44) | 7 (15·9) | 2·09 | 0·88–4·94 | ||
| Missing (n = 105) | 6 (5·7) | 0·67 | 0·28–1·61 | ||
| Circumcision of partner | Yes (n = 154) | 10 (6·5) | 1 | 0·471 | |
| No (n = 546) | 48 (8·8) | 1·39 | 0·69–2·81 | ||
| Missing (n = 212) | 14 (6·6) | 1·02 | 0·29–2·69 | ||
| Possibility of partner's extramarital affair | Not likely (n = 379) | 20 (5·3) | 1 | 0·044 | |
| Maybe (n = 86) | 5 (5·8) | 1·11 | 0·40–3·04 | ||
| Likely (n = 118) | 14 (11·9) | 2·42 | 1·18–4·95 | ||
| Have no idea (n = 184) | 21 (11·4) | 2·31 | 1·22–4·39 | ||
| Missing (n = 145) | 12 (8·3) | 1·62 | 0·77–3·40 | ||
| Age at sexual debut (years)§ | ⩽19 (n = 36) | 2 (5·6) | 1 | 0·740 | |
| ⩽21 (n = 75) | 4 (5·3) | 0·96 | 0·17–5·49 | ||
| ⩽23 (n = 148) | 15 (10·1) | 1·92 | 0·42–8·79 | ||
| ⩾24 (n = 578) | 45 (7·79) | 1·44 | 0·33–6·17 | ||
| Missing (n = 75) | 6 (8·0) | 1·48 | 0·28–7·71 | ||
| No. of lifetime sexual partners | 1 (n = 664) | 48 (7·2) | 1 | 0·475 | |
| ⩾2 (n = 186) | 18 (9·7) | 1·38 | 0·78–2·43 | ||
| Missing (n = 62) | 6 (10·0) | 1·38 | 0·56–3·35 | ||
| History of sexually transmitted disease (STD)¶ | No (n = 665) | 48 (7·2) | 1 | 0·168 | |
| Yes (n = 45) | 7 (15·6) | 2·37 | 1·00–5·59 | ||
| Have no idea (n = 22) | 3 (13·6) | 2·03 | 0·58–7·10 | ||
| Missing (n = 180) | 14 (7·8) | 1·08 | 0·58–2·01 |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
Both high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV, and HPV-X.
†
As determined by χ2 test.
‡
Including contraceptive infection, contraceptive suppository, intra-uterine loop, female sterilization, vasectomy, and rhythm method.
§
Age when sexually active more than once per month.
¶
Sexually transmitted disease not including cystitis or urethritis.
∥
Separation and cohabitation.