Table 3.

Identification of risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection related to host history and hygiene behaviour by multivariate logistic regression analysis (n = 653)

Factor	Category	HPV positive (%)*	OR†	95% CI
Age (years)	⩽34 (n = 69)	5 (7·3)	1
	35–44 (n = 214)	19 (8·9)	0·96	0·32–2·88
	45–54 (n = 185)	15 (8·1)	1·04	0·31–3·47
	55–64 (n = 135)	7 (5·2)	0·61	0·16–2·37
	⩾65 (n = 50)	5 (10·0)	1·62	0·38–6·99
Oral contraceptive use	Never (n = 533)	36 (6·8)	1
	Ever used (n = 114)	12 (10·5)	1·56	0·68–3·57
	Current use (n = 6)	3 (50·0)	40·64	0·99–1670·7
Education	⩽ Elementary school (n = 165)	8 (4·9)	1
	⩽ High school (n = 310)	33 (10·7)	3·16	1·25–7·97
	⩾ College (n = 178)	10 (5·6)	2·04	0·62–6·71
Method of contraception	Condom (n = 69)	1 (1·5)	1
	Condom + other§ (n = 87)	7 (8·1)	5·81	1·06–32·03
	Oral contraceptive (n = 22)	2 (9·1)	2·14	0·14–33·36
	Oral contraceptive + other§ (n = 41)	7 (17·1)	7·56	0·79–72·40
	Other methods§ (n = 434)	34 (7·8)	6·26	1·36–28·93
Douche	1–2 times a week (n = 63)	10 (15·9)	1
	⩾ Every other day (n = 570)	39 (6·8)	0·32	0·13–0·77
	1–2 times a month (n = 6)	1 (16·7)	1·79	0·13–24·38
	No (n = 14)	1 (7·1)	0·33	0·02–6·52
Possibility of partner's extramarital affair	Not likely (n = 324)	15 (4·6)	1
	Maybe (n = 222)	23 (10·4)	2·48	1·02–6·02
	Likely (n = 107)	13 (12·2)	2·07	0·99–4·33
History of STD‡	No (n = 595)	42 (7·1)	1
	Yes (n = 40)	7 (17·5)	2·56	0·93–7·10
	Have no idea (n = 18)	2 (11·1)	1·20	0·24–6·14

OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^*Both high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV, and HPV-X.

^†Adjusted genetic correlation between family and zygosity as random effect and other fixed effects.

^‡Sexually transmitted disease not including cystitis or urethritis.

^§Including contraceptive infection, contraceptive suppository, intra-uterine loop, female sterilization, vasectomy, and rhythm method.