Table 8.
Pathogen distribution according to demographics and some selected risk factor in diarrhoea cases and their matched controls seeking medical care at Cairo University and Ain Shams University paediatric hospitals, Cairo, Egypt, 2004–2009
| Characteristics | ETEC | P value | Campylobacter | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n = 22) | Controls (n = 33) | Cases (n = 15) | Controls (n = 9) | |||
| Age, months | ||||||
| 0–6 | 9 (41) | 13 (39) | 0·9 | 4 (27) | 5 (56) | 0·2 |
| 7–12 | 4 (14) | 14 (42) | 0·06 | 6 (40) | 2 (22) | 0·7 |
| ⩾13 | 9 (41) | 6 (18) | 0·06 | 5 (33) | 2 (22) | 0·6 |
| Warm season | 11 (50) | 0 (0) | <0·0001 | 6 (40) | 0 (0) | 0·05 |
| Currently breastfeeding | 16 (73) | 27 (82) | 0·4 | 12 (80) | 7 (78) | 0·9 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 3 (16) | 4 (13) | 0·7 | 2 (15) | 2 (25) | 0·6 |
| Type of drinks during the past week before interview | ||||||
| Cow's milk | 8 (53) | 15 (52) | 0·9 | 2 (22) | 1 (17) | 0·7 |
| Homemade juice | 2 (17) | 4 (22) | 0·7 | 1 (14) | 1 (20) | 0·7 |
| Tea/herbal drinks | 10 (67) | 21 (70) | 0·8 | 10 (83) | 5 (62) | 0·3 |
| Unboiled water | 16 (80) | 17 (63) | 0·2 | 14 (93) | 6 (75) | 0·3 |
| Bottle use | 5 (23) | 10 (30) | 0·5 | 4 (27) | 3 (33) | 0·8 |
| Bottle cleaning | ||||||
| Soap and water | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 0·7 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n.a. |
| Only water | 2 (40) | 1 (10) | 0·2 | 0 (0) | 1 (33) | 0·5 |
| Boiling/boiling and soap | 3 (60) | 8 (80) | 0·6 | 3 (100) | 2 (66) | 0·5 |
| Number of family members >4 | 11 (50) | 12 (36) | 0·3 | 7 (47) | 4 (44) | 0·9 |
| Presence of child aged <5 years | 15 (68) | 20 (61) | 0·6 | 9 (60) | 4 (44) | 0·7 |
| Child uses pacifier | 2 (9) | 7 (22) | 0·2 | 4 (29) | 2 (22) | 0·8 |
| Experiencing new food/drink in week prior to survey | 15 (75) | 9 (31) | 0·003 | 7 (54) | 2 (25) | 0·4 |
| Presence of family member with diarrhoea | 8 (36) | 9 (27) | 0·5 | 8 (53) | 3 (33) | 0·3 |
| At least three persons sleeping in the same room | 11 (50) | 156 (48) | 0·9 | 11 (73) | 7 (78) | 0·8 |
| Family has no refrigerator at home | 2 (9) | 3 (9) | 1·0 | 2 (13) | 2 (22) | 0·6 |
| Having no toilet paper in toilet | 20 (91) | 30 (91) | 1·0 | 11 (73) | 7 (78) | 0·8 |
| Childcare outside home during the past 4 days preceding the survey | 7 (31) | 8 (24) | 0·5 | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0·5 |
| Water source other than piped | 3 (14) | 8 (24) | 0·5 | 2 (13) | 4 (44) | 0·09 |
| Does not use public collection for sewage disposal | 6 (27) | 6 (18) | 0·4 | 4 (27) | 3 (33) | 0·8 |
| Garbage presence only outside house | 7 (32) | 8 (24) | 0·5 | 8 (53) | 4 (44) | 0·7 |
| Garbage not collected on daily basis | 15 (68) | 14 (42) | 0·06 | 4 (27) | 3 (33) | 0·8 |
| All garbage not covered | 12 (55) | 21 (64) | 0·5 | 10 (67) | 8 (89) | 0·4 |
| Having wastewater in streets | 8 (36) | 5 (15) | 0·06 | 5 (33) | 1 (11) | 0·4 |
| Share toilet with other households | 6 (27) | 5 (15) | 0·3 | 7 (47) | 3 (33) | 0·5 |
| Having no flush toilet | 4 (18) | 4 (12) | 0·7 | 3 (20) | 3 (33) | 0·6 |
| Having no soap in toilet | 3 (14) | 4 (12) | 0·9 | 5 (33) | 1 (11) | 0·4 |
| Having no towels in bathroom | 5 (23) | 7 (21) | 0·9 | 8 (53) | 1 (11) | 0·08 |
| Handwash after defecation | ||||||
| Never/sometimes | 3 (14) | 2 (6) | 0·4 | 2 (13) | 2 (22) | 0·6 |
| Handwash after changing child's diapers | ||||||
| Never/sometimes | 2 (9) | 1 (3) | 0·6 | 3 (20) | 0 (0) | 0·3 |
| Handwash before defecation (all) | ||||||
| Never/sometimes | 19 (86) | 28 (85) | 0·9 | 12 (86) | 7 (78) | 0·6 |
| Handwash before preparation of food | ||||||
| Never/sometimes | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0·4 | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 0·5 |
| Presence of pets at house | 4 (18) | 10 (31) | 0·3 | 5 (33) | 2 (22) | 0·7 |
| Having only one room for sleep | 7 (32) | 14 (42) | 0·4 | 6 (40) | 5 (56) | 0·7 |
ETEC, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.