Table 2.
Risk factors for human Campylobacter jejuni/coli infection in general (overall model) and for infection caused by C. jejuni/coli strains of pet origin (pet model) as assigned by the Asymmetric Island model for source attribution
| Risk factor (% imputed missing values*) | OR (95% CI) Overall model from [23]†‡ | OR (95% CI)Pet model†§ |
|---|---|---|
| Food consumption | ||
| Chicken (1) | 1·5 (1·2–1·9) | n.s. |
| Undercooked meat (5) | 2·1 (1·6–2·7) | n.s. |
| Meat cooked at a barbecue, grill, or microwave oven (5) | ||
| In urban areas | 1·2 (0·7–2·2) | n.s. |
| In urbanized areas | 1·7 (1·3–2·2) | n.s. |
| In rural areas | 3·0 (1·8–4·9) | n.s. |
| Eating in a restaurant (0) | 1·3 (1·1–1·6) | n.s. |
| Meat in paste (croquette, sausage roll, pastry) (5) | 0·8 (0·6–1·0) | n.s. |
| Pasteurized milk (1) | 0·8 (0·6–0·9) | n.s. |
| Pasteurized dairy products other than milk or cheese (2) | 0·6 (0·5–0·7) | n.s. |
| Salad (2) | 0·7 (0·6–0·9) | n.s. |
| Fruit with peel (2) | 0·7 (0·6–0·8) | n.s. |
| Chocolate (2) | 0·6 (0·5–0·7) | n.s. |
| Nuts (3) | 0·6 (0·5–0·8) | n.s. |
| Seafood (4) | 0·5 (0·4–0·7) | n.s. |
| Vegetarian diet (0) | 0·4 (0·2–0·9) | n.s. |
| Contact with animals | ||
| Contact with dogs owned by other people (3) | 0·6 (0·5–0·8) | n.s. |
| Ownership of one dog aged <1 year (0) | n.s. | 3·7 (1·4–10·0) |
| Ownership of more than one dog, at least one dog aged <1 year (0) | 2·5 (1·1–5·8) | 9·2 (2·7–32·0) |
| Ownership of one or more cats (1) | 1·4 (1·2–1·8) | n.s. |
| Recent use of medications | ||
| Antibiotics (0) | 0·4 (0·2–0·8) | n.s. |
| Proton-pump inhibitors (0) | 3·7 (2·5–5·5) | 11·1 (5·4–22·9) |
| Kitchen hygiene and food processing | ||
| Not cleaning a knife when using it for raw meat and other foods (1) | 1·7 (1·1–2·6) | n.s. |
| Washing hands before food preparation (0) | 0·6 (0·4–0·9) | n.s. |
| Contact with people with gastroenteritis outside the household (3) | 1·5 (1·1–2·1) | n.s. |
| Having a gastrointestinal chronic disease (0) | 2·4 (1·8–3·2) | n.s. |
OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; n.s., not significant (P > 0·05).
Bold values indicate the risk factors; protective factors are in normal font.
*
% of imputed missing values in the whole dataset.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, degree of urbanization, season, and level of education.
‡
n = 3856 (737 cases and 3119 controls).
§
n = 3195 (76 cases and 3119 controls).