Table 4.

Status of IATA development for different hazards

Hazard	Status	Comment
Skin irritation and skin corrosion	Defined for REACH and by OECD	Only generic IATA
Phototoxicity	None identified	Potential combination fibroblasts with skin models
Skin sensitization	IATA with defined approaches accepted by OECD	The “poster child” of DA/IATA development; challenge of quantitative IATA
Skin absorption*	Non identified	IATA for biokinetics represent an opportunity
Eye irritation/corrosion	Defined for REACH and by OECD	GHS Category 2 (eye irritation) not satisfactorily identified
Genotoxicity	Test batteries in common use, no IATA; OECD guidance to include in other short-term animal studies	Tremendous potential for IATA development (reduce false-positives; step between in vitro and animal test)
Carcinogenecity	Under development OECD, ICH and EPAA project; combination of in vivo cancer bioassay with chronic animal test (TG 453)	Enormous potential because of recognized shortcomings of the animal test
Developmental and reproductive toxicity	None identified beyond EU projects; some combinations of repeated-dose and developmental toxicity animal studies (TG 422)	Enormous potential because of the costs and high animal use
Endocrine disruption	OECD tiered testing strategies but no IATA	Major need for the different endocrine disrupter screening programs and REACH revision

ICH international conference on harmonisation, EPAA European partnership for alternative approaches to animal testing

*No hazard on its own