Fig. 1.

Study design. A total of 12 Ossabaw swine underwent renal denervation. Nine animals underwent minimally invasive catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) using a multielectrode radiofrequency (RF) catheter (EnligHTN Renal Artery ablation Catheter, Abbott, MN, USA) with four (RF-4), eight (RF-8) or 12 (RF-12) ablation lesions. Three Ossabaw swine had a combined surgical and chemical RDN. Five months (– 5 M) before RDN, a telemetry device was implanted. The hypotensive challenge was performed 5 months before (− 5 M) and 3 months after (+ 3 M) RDN. 10 domestic swine served as controls for comparisons of renal tissue norepinephrine concentrations between treated and untreated animals. M months, RDN renal denervation, RF radiofrequency