Figure 3. Myeloid cells are the main proinflammatory cytokine producers of P. falciparum–trained PBMCs.

(A and B) Flow cytometry analysis indicating cell subset frequency of freshly isolated PBMCs and PBMCs that had adhered to tissue culture plates for 1 hour (A) or 3 hours (B) before 3 successive washes with PBS (n = 4). (C) Intracellular cytokine staining of TNF-α and IL-6 for PBMCs trained with the indicated primary stimulus, rested 3 days in medium, and restimulated with 10 ng/mL LPS or 10 μg/mL Pam₃CSK₄ for 5 hours (n = 4). (D–F) tSNE plot of all combined samples in C. (D) Colored overlays indicate individual cell types depicted in the legend. Black arrows indicate populations of myeloid cells (monocytes and DCs). (E) Overlay of all TNF-α⁺ cells (dark green). (F) Overlay of all IL-6⁺ cells (crimson). mDC, myeloid DC; pDC, plasmacytoid DC.