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. 2022 May 30;13:3029. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30419-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Illustration of potential evolutionary transitions between gonochorism (in grey) and simultaneous hermaphroditism (in yellow) via mixed systems (mixed pathways) as described in plants and some animals; via sequential hermaphroditism (sequential pathways: protogyny in red and protandry in blue) as recently suggested⁴; or without intermediate states (direct pathways) as proposed for plants⁶. Double-headed arrows indicate theoretical pathways.