Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Studya.
| Characteristics | Total | Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long-term healthy | Recovery | New-onset | Long-term chronic insomnia | p value | ||
| n | 1809 | 1443 | 90 | 198 | 78 | |
| Age, y | 58.5 (6.1) | 58.5 (6.1) | 58.2 (6.2) | 58.1 (5.7) | 59.6 (5.8) | 0.33 |
| Sex, n (% of women) | 1219 (67.4) | 927 (64.2) | 71 (78.9) | 155 (78.3) | 66 (84.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (3.0) | 23.4 (3.0) | 22.8 (3.4) | 22.9 (3.0) | 22.2 (2.8) | 0.002 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1748 (489) | 1738 (546) | 1724 (477) | 1638 (374) | 1748 (489) | 0.260 |
| Physical activity, MET h/d | 40.6 (13.9) | 41.8 (15.1) | 40.8 (15.1) | 40.5 (14.2) | 40.6 (13.9) | 0.870 |
| Vegetable intake, g/d | 370 (177) | 336 (162) | 381 (161) | 380 (183) | 370 (177) | 0.220 |
| Fruit intake, g/d | 146 (109) | 148 (111) | 134 (91) | 139 (96) | 142 (135) | 0.490 |
| Red and processed meat intake, g/d | 82 (52) | 83 (53) | 87 (52) | 78 (43.0) | 78 (46) | 0.430 |
| Fish intake, g/d | 50 (52) | 50.8 (55.0) | 51.3 (38.4) | 47.5 (33.7) | 43.9 (33.3) | 0.580 |
| Dairy products intake, g/d | 17.2 (14.4) | 17.3 (14.6) | 17.1 (12.6) | 16.6 (14.7) | 17.0 (12.0) | 0.940 |
| Coffee intake, g/d | 8.5 (34.1) | 8.5 (34.5) | 7.0 (20.4) | 9.5 (31.4) | 7.1 (45.5) | 0.920 |
| Current tea drinker, n (%) | 967 (53.6) | 791 (54.8) | 39 (43.3) | 98 (49.5) | 39 (50.0) | 0.094 |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 129 (7.1) | 106 (7.3) | 5 (5.6) | 16 (8.1) | 2 (2.6) | 0.370 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 282 (15.6) | 245 (17.0) | 10 (11.1) | 20 (10.1) | 7 (9.0) | 0.014 |
| Income level, n (%) | 0.350 | |||||
| ≤500 ¥/mo | 26 (1.4) | 19 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (2.6) | |
| 501–1500 ¥/mo | 391 (21.6) | 301 (20.9) | 26 (28.9) | 49 (24.7) | 15 (19.2) | |
| 1501–3000 ¥/mo | 1156 (63.9) | 930 (64.4) | 55 (61.1) | 116 (58.6) | 55 (70.5) | |
| >3000 ¥/mo | 236 (13.0) | 193 (13.4) | 8 (8.9) | 29 (14.6) | 6 (7.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.400 | |||||
| Middle school or lower | 395 (27.4) | 19 (21.1) | 51 (25.8) | 27 (34.6) | 395 (27.4) | |
| High school or professional college | 664 (46.0) | 40 (44.4) | 92 (46.5) | 35 (44.9) | 664 (46.0) | |
| University | 384 (26.6) | 31 (34.4) | 55 (27.8) | 16 (20.5) | 384 (26.6) | |
| SBP | 121 (17) | 122 (17) | 118 (15) | 119 (16) | 116 (16) | 0.005 |
| DBP | 74 (12) | 74 (13) | 73 (10) | 74 (10) | 72 (9) | 0.540 |
| TG | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.350 |
| TC | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.031 |
| LDL | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | 0.220 |
| HDL | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.370 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.5 (1.3) | 5.5 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.4) | 0.500 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 9.1 (6.6) | 9.2 (6.9) | 8.6 (4.3) | 8.4 (5.1) | 8.8 (4.6) | 0.510 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.8) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.6) | 0.810 |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 96 (5.3) | 45 (3.1) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (6.4) | 0.280 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 108 (6.0) | 91 (6.3) | 4 (4.4) | 10 (5.1) | 3 (3.8) | 0.660 |
| T2D | 56 (3.1) | 45 (3.1) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (6.4) | 0.280 |
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, T2D type 2 diabetes, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
aData are expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; p value represents the comparison among groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Pearson’s chi-squared; All statistical tests were two-sided.