TABLE 3.
ORs and 95% CIs for HF according to tertiles of total fiber intake, stratified by sex, race, hypertension, diabetes, and obese status, NHANES 2009–2018.
| Subgroup | Fiber intake level | Total fiber intake |
Cereal fiber intake |
||
| OR (95%CI) | P for interaction | OR (95%CI) | P for interaction | ||
| Sex | 0.43 | 0.35 | |||
| Male | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.51 (0.28, 0.95) | 0.73 (0.40, 1.33) | |||
| T3 | 0.58 (0.28, 1.24) | 0.59 (0.30, 1.16) | |||
| Female | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.71 (0.38, 1.34) | 0.74 (0.40, 1.39) | |||
| T3 | 0.44 (0.18, 1.11) | 0.66 (0.32, 1.38) | |||
| Race | 0.68 | 0.63 | |||
| Mexican American | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.91 (0.18, 4.58) | 0.17 (0.03, 1.19) | |||
| T3 | 0.55 (0.08, 4.02) | 0.43 (0.08, 2.39) | |||
| Other Hispanic | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 1.26 (0.26, 6.07) | 0.19 (0.03, 1.36) | |||
| T3 | 1.15 (0.16, 8.59) | 1.47 (0.24, 9.09) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.31 (0.17, 0.58) | 0.69 (0.39, 1.22) | |||
| T3 | 0.40 (0.19, 0.86) | 0.41 (0.21, 0.80) | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 1.77 (0.70, 4.43) | 1.08 (0.45, 2.59) | |||
| T3 | 0.44 (0.08, 2.35) | 1.11 (0.37, 3.30) | |||
| Other race | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 1.51 (0.72, 6.76) | 1.18 (0.61, 4.51) | |||
| T3 | 0.42 (0.06, 4.08) | 0.95 (0.23, 2.74) | |||
| BMI | 0.58 | 0.63 | |||
| <25 | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.50 (0.18, 1.41) | 1.03 (0.24, 4.31) | |||
| T3 | 0.27 (0.08, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.23, 3.62) | |||
| 25–30 | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 1.14 (0.46, 2.85) | 0.66 (0.28, 1.59) | |||
| T3 | 0.68 (0.22, 2.11) | 0.33 (0.13, 0.86) | |||
| >30 | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.40 (0.22, 0.75) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.21) | |||
| T3 | 0.75 (0.33, 1.73) | 0.76 (0.39, 1.51) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.91 | 0.70 | |||
| Yes | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.57 (0.36, 0.88) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.06) | |||
| T3 | 1.29 (0.09, 19.67) | 0.60 (0.36, 0.99) | |||
| No | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.57 (0.05, 6.35) | 1.64 (0.25, 10.79) | |||
| T3 | 0.38 (0.03, 4.91) | 0.13 (0.06, 2.36) | |||
| Diabetes | 0.14 | 0.44 | |||
| Yes | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.57 (0.29, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.54, 2.13) | |||
| T3 | 0.83 (0.34, 2.03) | 1.10 (0.51, 2.37) | |||
| No | T1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| T2 | 0.63 (0.36, 1.09) | 0.58 (0.33, 1.01) | |||
| T3 | 0.39 (0.19, 0.83) | 0.41 (0.21, 0.78) | |||
BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; T, tertile. Model is adjusted for age, sex, race, total energy intake, total protein intake, total fat intake, total vitamin A intake, total vitamin B6 intake, BMI, educational level, annual household income, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes and total cholesterol (TC) levels. The lowest tertile of dietary fiber intake was used as the reference group.