TABLE 2.

In vivo and in vitro models for MMVD.

Classification	In vivo animal models	In vitro culture models
Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD)	1.Mouse treated with AngII (84) 2.Mouse treated with nordexfenfluramine (NDF) (133, 134) 3. FVB mouse (135)	1.Porcine 3D mitral VIC culture system (136) 2.Porcine mitral VIC culture system (100) 3.Human mitral valve tissue culture system (34) 4.Human mitral VIC culture system (34, 114)
Barlow’s Disease (BD)	Dogs with spontaneous MMVD (5, 37)	1.Canine 2D mitral VIC and VEC co-culture system (36) 2.Canine 3D tissue-engineered fibrin-based cell culture system (137)
Filamin-A mutation	Filamin-A KO mouse (89)
Marfan syndrome (MFS) (32, 107)	Fbn1C1039G/+ mouse Fbn1C1039G/C1039G mouse
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (138)	Col3a1± mouse Col5a1± mouse
Loeys–Dietz syndrome (117)	TGF-βR1± mouse TGF-βR2± mouse TGF-βR1M318R/+ mouse TGF-βR2G357W/+ mouse