TABLE 1.
Hydrogel, stem cell, growth factor, cross-linking method, and 3D bioprinting method used for CTE and BTE.
| Domain | Hydrogel type | Application | Stem cell type | Growth factor | Cross-linking method | 3D bioprinting method | In vivo model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polysaccharide | Alginate | CTE and BTE | hBM-MSCs and hAD-MSCs | - | Dual cross-linking (Ca2+, UV) | Extrusion | - | Olate-Moya et al. (2020), Lee et al. (2020b), Jeon et al. (2019) |
| BM-MSCs, and AD-MSCs | - | CC (Ca2+) | Caprine and mouse | Apelgren et al., 2017, Critchley et al. (2020) | ||||
| hBM-MSCs and hMSCs | - | CC (Ca2+) | - | Choe et al. (2019), Ojansivu et al. (2019), Xu et al. (2019b) | ||||
| Agarose | BTE | hBM-MSCs | - | NA | Inkjet | - | Duarte Campos et al. (2016) | |
| CTE | hBM-MSCs | TGF-β3 | Physical (temperature) | Extrusion | - | Daly et al. (2016) | ||
| HA | CTE | hAD-MSCs | - | Double cross-linking (noncovalent bonding, Ca2+) | Extrusion | - | Nedunchezian et al. (2021) | |
| hBM-MSCs and eBM-MSCs | - | Dual cross-linking (Ca2+, UV) | - | Stichler et al. (2017) | ||||
| BTE | hMSCs | - | Physical (temperature) | - | Lee et al. (2018) | |||
| hBM-MStCs | BMP-2 | Photo-cross-linking (UV) | - | Poldervaart et al. (2017) | ||||
| CTE | hTMSCs | TGF-β and BMP-2 | Physical cross-linking (self-assembly) | Rabbit | Shim et al. (2016) | |||
| BTE | ||||||||
| Protein | Collagen | BTE | DP-MSCs | BMP-2 | CC (methacrylic anhydride) | Extrusion | Rat | Fahimipour et al. (2019) |
| hAD-MSCs | - | Genipin | - | Kim and Kim (2019) | ||||
| Gelatin | BTE | rBM-MSCs | - | CC (Ca2+), dual cross-linking (DHT, ribose) | Extrusion | Rat | Liu et al. (2020), Helgeland et al. (2021) | |
| CTE | hBM-MSCs | - | Physical cross-linking (self-assembly) | NA | Rabbit | Shi et al. (2017) | ||
| CTE | hBM-MSCs | TGF-β1 | NA | Inkjet | Rabbit | Han et al. (2021) | ||
| CTE | hUCB-MSCs | - | Enzymatic cross-linking (transglutaminase) | Extrusion | Pig | Huang et al. (2021) | ||
| CTE, BTE | raBM-MSCs | - | NA | DMD technique | Rabbit | Jiang et al. (2021) | ||
| BTE | BM-MSCs | - | Photo-cross-linking (UV) | Extrusion | - | Dong et al. (2021) | ||
| Silk fibroin | CTE | hAD-MSCs | - | Enzymatic cross-linking and covalent cross-linking | Extrusion | Rabbit | Li et al. (2021) | |
| BM-MSCs | - | Double-cross-linking (physical and chemical) | - | Ni et al. (2020) | ||||
| hMSCs | TGF-β3 | CC (Ca2+) | - | Trucco et al. (2021) |
AD-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BMP-7D: BMP-7-derived peptides, BM-MSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BTE: bone tissue engineering, CC: chemical cross-linking, CTE: cartilage tissue engineering, DHT: dehydrothermal, DMD: digital micro-mirror device, DP-MSCs: dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells, eBM-MSCs: equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, HA: hyaluronic acid, hAD-MSCs: human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hBM-MSCs: human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hBM-MStCs: human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, hMSCs: human mesenchymal stromal cells, hUCB-MSCs: human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hTMSCs: human turbinate-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, NA: not available, rBM-MSCs: rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, raBM-MSCs: rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta, and UV: ultraviolet.