TABLE 2.
Dysregulated lncRNAs in asthma.
| LncRNAs | Targets | Expression | Mechanism | Signaling pathways | Clinical effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malat1 | miR-155, miR-150 | Upregulation ↑ | Sponge miR-155 and hinder its bond with CTLA-4 to break Th1/Th2 balance, act as a ceRNA for miR-150, induce ASMCs proliferation | MALAT1/miR-155/CTLA-4 axis, eIF4E/Akt signaling | Act as markers in dysregulated Th1/Th2 imbalance, modulate airway remodeling in asthma | (Lin et al., 2019; Liang and Tang, 2020) |
| LNC-000127 | — | Upregulation ↑ | Promote Th2 inflammation in eosinophilic asthma | TCR/STAT/GATA3 pathway | Distinguish the phenotype of eosinophilic asthma | Zhu et al. (2019) |
| lncRNA MEG3 | miR-17 | Upregulation ↑ | Repress the bond of miR-17 to RORgammat to prevent RORgammat, mRNA degradation | miR-17/RORgammat | Regulate the balance of Treg/Th17 | Qiu et al. (2019) |
| lncRNA RP11-401.2 | — | Upregulation ↑ | Promote eosinophils dysfunction | — | Regulate eosinophilic asthma | Tian et al. (2018) |
| lnc-BAZ2B | BAZ2B | Upregulation ↑ | Increase BAZ2B to enhance IRF4 and M2 macrophage activation | — | A target for modulating type 2 inflammation | Xia et al. (2021) |
| ENST00000444682 | SMAD7, WNT2B, C/EBP, T-bet, NF-κB | Upregulation ↑ | Positively correlated with IL-13 and IL-5, negatively correlated with IL-6 | SMAD7 cAMP/C/EBP/T-bet/NF-κB | Modulate Th2 cell differentiation and the related proinflammatory factor production | Qiu et al. (2018) |
| ENST00000566098 | Upregulation ↑ | Positively correlated with IL-13 | ||||
| ENST00000583179 | Upregulation ↑ | positively correlated with IL-13, negatively correlated with IL-4 and IL-6 | ||||
| ENST00000579468 | downregulation ↓ | Positively correlated with IL-5 and IL-13 | ||||
| PVT1 | c-MYC | Upregulation ↑ (severe asthma) Downregulation ↓ (non-severe asthma) | DEX increases c-MYC, which can bind to LncRNA PVT1 to promote ASMCs proliferation in severe asthma.the knockdown of LncRNA PVT1 reverses the inhibitory effect of DEX, amplifying glucocorticoid insensitiveness | PVT1/c-MYC | Distinguish ASMCs phenotype and regulate glucocorticoid sensitiveness | Austin et al. (2017) |
| lncTCF7 | TIMMDC1/AKT | Upregulation ↑ | Enhance ASMCs growth and migration via activating the TIMMDC1/AKT signaling pathway | TIMMDC1/AKT pathway | A potential therapeutic for airway remodeling | Fan et al. (2019) |
| lncRNA GAS5 | miR-10a/BDNF | Upregulation ↑ | Promote the proliferation of ASMCs | miR-10a/BDNF signaling pathway | Proliferation of ASMCs | |
| LINC00882 | miR-3619-5p | Upregulation ↑ | sponge miR-3619-5p and prevent its bond to b-catenin to enhance PDGF-induced fetal ASMCs proliferation | Wnt/β-catenin signaling | Modulate ASMCs proliferation in pediatric asthma | Liu et al. (2019b) |
| CASC7 | miR-21 | Downregulation ↓ | Sponge miR-21 and suppress its bond to PTEN, thus enhancing PTEN expression (elevate corticosteroid sensitivity) | PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | Enhance glucocorticoid sensitivity | Liu et al. (2020) |
| LncRNA SNHG8 LINC01559 | Upregulation ↑ | ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, beta-alanine metabolism | PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | Regulate cell proliferation, migration |