Table 1.

Association of HIV-1 co-infection with other pathogens including HBV, HCV, syphilis and GBV-C

Characteristic	Cases (n = 99)	Controls (n = 175)	OR (95% CI)
HBV, n (%)	2 (2·02)	3 (1·71)	1·2 (0·20–7·08)
HCV, n (%)	1 (1·01)	2 (1·14)	0·88 (0·08–9·62)
Syphilis, n (%)	20 (20·20)	6 (3·42)	5·89 (2·45–14·18)
GBV-C viraemia, n (%)	17 (17·7)	22 (12·6)	1·37 (0·76–2·44)

OR, Odds ratio, CI, confidence interval.