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. 2022 May 31;12:9045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12032-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spike protein immunosignature reveals long-term antibodies bind key regions associated with emerging variants of concern. X-axis represents the linear protein sequence arranged N-terminus (left) to C-terminus (right). The top trio of panels represent positions 0 to 600, the bottom trio of panels represent positions 600–1273. The white line in the middle of the band represents the mean, while the width of the band represents ± 1 standard deviation. Values were generated using naïve serum samples (n = 20, blue band), and COVID-19 sera (n = 22; green band). Immunosignature showing differential reactivity (red line, delta relative fluorescent unit [delta RFU]) was generated by comparing the mean signal intensity of naïve sera to that of COVID-19 sera. Polymorphisms were retrieved from the Center for Disease Control.