Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (full analysis set).
|
|
Exercise group (n=48) | Conventional group (n=51) | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 47.9 (10.2) | 46.9 (12.3) | |||
|
|
<45 | 18 (37.5) | 20 (39.2) | ||
|
|
≥45 | 30 (62.5) | 31 (60.8) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Women | 21 (44) | 23 (45) | ||
|
|
Men | 27 (56) | 28 (55) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.42 (4.05) | 23.39 (4.18) | |||
| Duration of CLBPa (years), n (%) | |||||
|
|
<0.5 | 3 (6) | 5 (10) | ||
|
|
0.5 to <1 | 3 (6) | 6 (12) | ||
|
|
≥1 | 42 (88) | 40 (78) | ||
| Exercise habits, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Yes | 14 (29) | 19 (37) | ||
|
|
No | 14 (29) | 19 (37) | ||
|
|
Sometimes | 20 (42) | 13 (25) | ||
| Hope for exercise therapy, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Yes | 42 (88) | 45 (88) | ||
|
|
No | 6 (13) | 6 (12) | ||
| Work engagement, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Full time (>40 hours per week) | 34 (71) | 40 (78) | ||
|
|
Part time | 14 (29) | 11 (22) | ||
| Family structure, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Living alone | 10 (21) | 9 (18) | ||
|
|
Living with children only | 1 (2) | 4 (8) | ||
|
|
Living with adults only | 18 (38) | 18 (35) | ||
|
|
Living with adults and children | 19 (40) | 20 (39) | ||
| Income (¥ [US $]), n (%) | |||||
|
|
<3 million (24,000) | 15 (31) | 10 (20) | ||
|
|
3 million to <5 million (24,000 to 40,000) | 14 (29) | 16 (31) | ||
|
|
5 million to <8 million (40,000 to 64,000) | 9 (19) | 13 (25) | ||
|
|
≥8 million (64,000) | 8 (17) | 7 (14) | ||
|
|
Decline to answer | 2 (4) | 5 (10) | ||
| Education level (completed university education), mean (SD) | 25 (52.1) | 22 (43.1) | |||
| Drink alcohol, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Yes | 17 (35) | 18 (35) | ||
|
|
No | 12 (25) | 22 (43) | ||
|
|
Sometimes | 19 (40) | 11 (22) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Never smoked | 23 (48) | 26 (51) | ||
|
|
Former smoker | 14 (29) | 15 (29) | ||
|
|
Current smoker | 11 (23) | 10 (20) | ||
| Work productivity, QQ method,b mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Performance degradation | 0.51 (0.303) | 0.516 (0.314) | ||
|
|
Days of work loss due to poor performance | 10.466 (8.485) | 12.409 (9.956) | ||
| Work productivity (WPAI-GHc), mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Work time | 4.3 (12.4) | 8.2 (21.8) | ||
|
|
Impairment while working | 35.3 (29.8) | 45.6 (33.2) | ||
|
|
Overall work impairment | 37.0 (30.7) | 47.7 (34.4) | ||
|
|
Activity impairment | 47.2 (31.6) | 50.4 (29) | ||
| NRS,d mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
CLBP | 5 (2.4) | 5.1 (2.1) | ||
|
|
Shoulder stiffness | 4.5 (3.0) | 4.5 (2.8) | ||
| RDQ-24,e mean (SD) | 8.6 (5.3) | 7.4 (4.7) | |||
| EQ-5D-5L,f mean (SD) | 0.720 (0.195) | 0.746 (0.142) | |||
| TSK-11,g mean (SD) | 26.4 (6.1) | 24.6 (6.6) | |||
| K-6,h mean (SD) | 6.2 (5.6) | 5 (4.9) | |||
| Medical institution consultation status (in the last 30 days), mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Hospital | 1.9 (1.7) | 2.1 (2.3) | ||
|
|
Clinic | 0.8 (1.6) | 1.1 (2.5) | ||
|
|
Acupuncture and moxibustion clinic | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.2) | ||
|
|
Manipulative clinic | 0.8 (1.7) | 0.8 (1.9) | ||
|
|
Others | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.9) | ||
aCLBP: chronic low back pain.
bQQ method: Quantity and Quality method.
cWPAI-GH: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health.
dNRS: Numerical Rating Scale.
eRDQ-24: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
fEQ-5D-5L: EuroQoL 5 Dimensions 5 Level.
gTSK-11: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia.
hK-6: Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress.