Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies using Standard Quality Assessment Criteria (outcomes).
| Study | Outcomes | ||||||
|
|
Outcome or exposures well defined | Appropriate sample size | Appropriate analytic methods | Variance reported | Controlled for confounding | Sufficient detail in results | Conclusions well supported |
| Adcock et al [6] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Alnobani et al [7] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Amodeo et al [8] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/Aa | Yes | Yes |
| Becevic et al [9] | Yes | No | Yes | Partial | Partial | Yes | No |
| Bettinelli et al [10] | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Burke et al [11] | Partial | Partial | Partial | No | No | Partial | Yes |
| Duan et al [12] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Frazzitta et al [13] | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Garingo et al [14] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Garingo et al [15] | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Goldberg et al [16] | Yes | Yes | Partial | No | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Holsti et al [17] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Holt et al [18] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ito et al [19] | Yes | Partial | Partial | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Lazzara et al [20] | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Marini et al [21] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Marttos et al [22] | Partial | Partial | Partial | No | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| McNelis et al [23] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Murray et al [24] | Partial | Yes | No | No | No | Partial | Yes |
| Prokazova et al [25] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Reynolds et al [26] | Yes | Partial | No | No | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Rincon et al [27] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | N/A | Yes | Yes |
| Rocca et al [28] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Rogove et al [29] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Ruiz-Del-Solar et al [30] | Partial | Yes | Partial | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Shimizu et al [31] | Partial | Partial | No | No | Partial | Partial | Yes |
| Sucher et al [32] | Yes | Partial | No | No | N/A | Partial | Yes |
| Summerfield et al [33] | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Vespa et al [34] | Yes | Yes | Partial | Partial | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Wang et al [35] | Yes | No | N/A | Partial | Partial | Partial | Yes |
| Williams et al [36] | Yes | Yes | Partial | No | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Ye et al [37] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes |
| Zeiler et al [38] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes |
aN/A: not applicable.