Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression results of racism on firearm purchase and intention to purchase among Asian Americans.
| Intention to Purchase Gun Since COVID (n = 869) |
Purchased Gun Since COVID (n = 869) |
Intention to Purchase Ammunition Since COVID (n = 868) |
Purchased Ammunition Since COVID (n = 869) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% confidence interval (C.I.) | OR | 95% confidence interval (C.I.) | OR | 95%confidence interval (C.I.) | OR | 95% confidence interval (C.I.) | |||||
| Racial Discrimination | 1.16 | 0.89 | 1.53 | 1.79 | 1.25 | 2.56 | 1.59 | 1.15 | 2.19 | 1.52 | 1.05 | 2.21 |
| Cultural Racism | 0.95 | 0.72 | 1.25 | 1.69 | 1.16 | 2.45 | 1.26 | 0.87 | 1.84 | 1.44 | 0.93 | 2.22 |
| Anticipatory Racism-related Stress | 1.35 | 1.03 | 1.76 | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 0.75 | 1.60 | 0.99 | 0.64 | 1.52 |
| Household firearm ownership** | 6.52 | 3.98 | 10.66 | 5.01 | 2.53 | 9.93 | 18.97 | 9.38 | 38.37 | 29.79 | 12.90 | 68.79 |
| Age | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.58 | 0.97 | 2.57 | 2.19 | 1.13 | 4.27 | 1.43 | 0.72 | 2.84 | 1.68 | 0.77 | 3.66 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| $35,000 to $49,999 | 4.23 | 1.75 | 10.22 | 1.75 | 0.56 | 5.53 | 1.22 | 0.38 | 3.85 | 1.47 | 0.41 | 5.33 |
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 2.54 | 1.10 | 5.87 | 1.16 | 0.39 | 3.44 | 1.73 | 0.65 | 4.60 | 1.17 | 0.37 | 3.67 |
| $75,000 to $99,999 | 1.90 | 0.80 | 4.52 | 0.90 | 0.28 | 2.91 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 2.10 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 1.42 |
| $100,000 or more | 1.95 | 0.87 | 4.36 | 1.79 | 0.66 | 4.86 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 2.42 | 1.23 | 0.42 | 3.64 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Some college | 2.07 | 0.76 | 5.68 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 2.56 | 0.99 | 0.32 | 3.04 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 1.31 |
| College graduate or above | 2.60 | 1.02 | 6.58 | 2.51 | 0.85 | 7.37 | 1.76 | 0.64 | 4.84 | 0.78 | 0.27 | 2.19 |
| Nativity | 0.87 | 0.52 | 1.45 | 1.26 | 0.61 | 2.62 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 1.92 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 1.85 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Chinese | 0.86 | 0.33 | 2.27 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 1.41 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.82 |
| Filipino | 0.80 | 0.27 | 2.41 | 0.80 | 0.22 | 2.88 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 1.25 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.88 |
| Japanese | 1.15 | 0.39 | 3.34 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 1.86 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 1.03 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.57 |
| Korean | 0.58 | 0.18 | 1.81 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 1.14 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.75 |
| Vietnamese | 0.96 | 0.32 | 2.91 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 2.17 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 1.34 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 1.65 |
| Other Asian | 2.30 | 0.40 | 13.29 | 0.86 | 0.08 | 9.38 | 2.93 | 0.47 | 18.28 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 8.05 |
*All models accounted for the nested effects within geographic regions (East, South, West, Midwest) as level-two variable in the multilevel logistic regression.
**For the outcome of purchase gun during the pandemic, we recoded household firearm ownership to include only those who reported owning a firearm prior to the onset of the pandemic, which enables to obtain a more accurate estimate for this outcome with the existing household gun ownership.
a Reference group for Gender--Female; Income-- Less than $35,000/year; Education-- High School or Less; Place of birth--Not Born in U.S.; Ethnicity-- Asian Indian.