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. 2022 Apr 23;27:101800. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101800

Table A1.

Measurement of three dimensions of racism experiences and firearm-related behaviors and intention.

Racism: Direct Experience, Cultural Racism and Response
Since the COVID-19 pandemic started in Mar. 2020, how often have the following ever happened to you? Response Options:
1 = Less than once a year 2 = A few times a year 3 = At least once a month
4 = A few times a month 5 = At least once a week 6 = Almost everyday
Direct experience: Racial discrimination
9 items from Racial-Ethnic Discrimination Scale (Sladek et al, 2020) and 4 items from Major Experiences of Discrimination (William, 2008)
Cronbach’s alpha: 0.98
  • 1.

    Were you called insulting names because of your race/ethnicity?
  • 2.

    Were you treated unfairly because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 3.

    Were you hassled by the police because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 4.

    Were you threatened because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 5.

    Did people act like they were suspicious of you because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 6.

    Were you evaluated differently in school/at wok than you deserved because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 7.

    Did other people exclude you from their activities because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 8.

    Did you get poor service at a restaurant or fast-food place because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 9.

    Did people assume your English was poor because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 10.

    Were you threatened or harassed because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 11.

    Were you denied housing because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 12.

    Were you hassled by law enforcement, including police and TSA because of your race/ethnicity?

  • 13.

    Were denied/fired from a job because of your race/ethnicity?

Perceptions of culture racism
Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS)-Brief Version (Utsey et al., 2013)
Cronbach’s alpha-0.92
  • 1.

    I have seen the media make Asians look bad (e.g., dirty, suspicious, or rude)
  • 2.

    I have seen videos online (e.g., YouTube, Instagram) that portrays Asians in a negative way.

  • 3.

    I have seen leaders (e.g., U.S. president), celebrities, or other prominent figures talk negatively about Asian people

  • 4.

    I have seen Asian ethnic groups (e.g., Japanese, Hmong) portrayed negatively in history textbooks, documentaries, or in class

Responses to Racism: Anticipatory Racism-Related Stress
Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale (PARS) (Utsey, 1999)
Cronbach’s alpha-0.95
  • 1.

    I have been worried about the kinds of problems I will likely experience because of my race
  • 2.

    I feel like have to be very careful about how I talk or look to avoid being teased or harassed because of my race/ethnicity

  • 3.

    I try to avoid certain places (e.g., stores, parks) because I might be teased or harassed because of my race

  • 4.

    I carefully observe people around me because I am worried about being teased, harassed, or attacked because of my race
Firearm intention and Behaviors
In this survey, when we say guns, we mean guns that are in working order and capable of being fired. This includes pistols, revolvers, shotguns and rifles, but does not include air guns, bb guns, starter pistols, or paintball guns. Response Options:
1= Yes 2= No
Gun Ownership Questions
  • 1.

    Do you personally own a gun? Please exclude guns that belong to other people you live with.
  • 2.

    Does anyone else you live with own a gun?

Since the COVID-19 pandemic started in Mar. 2020, have you or someone in your home… Response Options:
1= Yes 2= No
Gun Purchas Questions
  • 3.

    Intended to purchase more ammunition than usual?
  • 4.

    Purchased more ammunition than usual?

  • 5.

    Intended to purchase a gun?

  • 6.

    Purchased a gun?

ONLY RESPOND TO THIS QUESTION IF YOU RESPONDED “YES” TO Q4.
Was this gun the first gun that someone in your household has purchased?
Gun Storage Question: 5. Do you know where the gun(s) on your property are stored? Response Options:
1= Yes 2= No
Gun Purchase Question: 5.1. Are any of the gun(s) on your property stored loaded? That is, the ammunition is in the magazine, revolver cylinder, and/or chamber of the gun.
 ONLY RESPOND TO THIS QUESTION IF YOU RESPONDED “YES” TO Q5.
Response Options:
1=Yes, at least one gun on my property is stored loaded 2=No, none of the guns on my property are stored loaded 3=Not sure
Gun Carrying Question: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, have you carried a gun with you more frequently when you were outside your home? Please don’t count times you have carried a gun for hunting, target shooting, competitive shooting, or recreation. ONLY RESPOND TO THIS QUESTION IF YOU RESPONDED “YES” TO Q5.
Was this gun the first gun that someone in your household has purchased?