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. 2022 May 31;12(25):16235–16256. doi: 10.1039/d2ra02519a

Cytotoxic studies of CNTs applied as dispersion.

Type Cytotoxic test Incub. time Dose, viable (V)/dead (D) cell Cell type Year Ref.
SWCNT Alamar blue 18 h 0.24 mg mL−1D 37.6% Human epidermal keratinocytes 2003 149
SWCNT; MWCNT Alamar blue 24, 48, 72, 144 h 144 h 0.16 mg mL−1V 50% hMSCs 2008 135
SWCNT (solution-indirect) Alamar blue 24, 48, 72 h, 96 h Indirect 24 h 0.8 mg mL−1V 90%; direct 24 h 0.4 mg mL−1V 60% A549 2008 150
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h BEAS2B IC50 = 7 μg mL; mesothelioma IC50 = 17 μg mL−1 BEAS2B; mesothelioma 2012 151
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h 50 μg mL−1; V 70% BEAS2B 2013 82
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h Different data (1 μg mL−1 is safe; other conc varying data) BEAS2B; MESO1 2014 152
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h 10 mg L−1, V > 60% Primary astrocytes 2015 145
SWCNT; MWCNT Alamar blue 24, 48 h (SW)100 μg mL−1; V near 90% for both times; (MW) EC50 = 10 μg mL−1 THP1 2017 153
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h 24 μg mL−1; V > 50% BEAS2B; SAEC 2019 154
MWCNT Alamar blue 24 h 100 μg mL−1; V > 80% Human lymph node endothelial cells 2020 155
SWCNT Alamar blue (for substrates contact NIH3T3 and PC12) 15 min RBC, 3 d -;- (RBC lysis); V for NIH3T3; PC12 as in control RBC; NIH3T3; PC12 2008 120
MWCNT Alamar blue, LDH 24 h BEAS2B 10 μg mL−1V 0%; IMR32 100 μg mL−1V 70%; THP1 10 μg mL−1V > 60% BEAS2B; mesothelioma; neuroblastoma (IMR32), THP1 2012 156
SWCNT; MWCNT Alamar blue, MTT 24 h A549 0.75 mg mL−1V 100%; U937 varied data A549; U937 2007 138
SWCNT Alamar blue, NR, MTT 24 h EC50 = 744 ± 91 μg mL−1; with serum > 800 μg mL−1 A549 2007 157
SWCNT Annexin V + PI 4 h–24 h 10–50 μg mL−1, no cells activation Primary immune cells 2006 158
SWCNT Annexin V + PI 24, 48 h, 72, 96 h 50 μg mL−1V 100% for all time points A549 2007 159
SWCNT; MWCNT Annexin V + PI 24, 48 h, 72 h 48 h EC50 = 450 μg mL−1 (SW); 72 h EC50 = 600 μg mL−1 (MW) Mononuclear cells 2012 144
MWCNT Aqueous one 24, 96 h BEAS2B 4 d 200 μg mL−1V near 20%; A549 4 d 200 μg mL−1V 80% BEAS2B; A549 2011 160
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 50 mg mL−1V > 60% (N); 50 mg mL−1 HeLa V 80% Neuroblastoma (N); HeLa 2012 161
MWCNTs CCK8 24 h 40 μg mL−1V 50% HepG2 2016 162
MWCNT CCK8 24, 48 h 100 μg mL−1V > 80% for both times NIH-3T3 2016 163
MWCNT CCK8 72 h (+26 weeks) For 72 h 1.92 μg cm−2V near 100% HBEC-3KT 2017 164
MWCNT CCK8 6 h 64 μg mL−1 V near 60% HUVECs 2018 165
SWCNT CCK8 12 h 50 μg mL−1V near 50% HUVECs 2018 166
SWCNT CCK8 12 h 50 μg mL−1V near 60% HUVECs 2018 167
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 60 μg mL−1V near 80% HUVECs 2019 168
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 64 μg mL−1V > 80% THP-1 2019 169
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 64 μg mL−1V > 60% HUVECs 2019 170
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 64 μg mL−1V > 60% SMCs smooth muscle cells 2019 171
MWCNT CCK8 24 h 64 μg mL−1V > 60% HUVEC 2019 172
SWCNT CellTiter blue assay 6 h–48 h -;- (factor increase units) A549; NHBE 2008 173
MWCNT CellTiter blue 24, 72 h 24 h 200 μg mL−1, V > 80% Raw264.7 2012 174
MWCNT CellTiter-Glo 24 h 25 μg mL−1V > 80% Human brain microvasculature endothelial cells 2017 175
SWCNT CellTiter-Glo 72 h 10 μg mL−1V > 60% for the most cases (only one type decreased to 10%) HEK293; MCF10A; MRC-5; HepG2 2017 176
SWCNT CyQUANT 24 h 25 μg mL−1V 100% Human lung fibroblasts; HUVEC 2013 177
SWCNT; MWCNT Flow cytometry 24, 48, 72 h 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 90%; 72 h 100 μg mL−1V 80% Jurkat 2008 139
MWCNT Flow cytometry 8, 24, 48 h Jurkat S 100 μg mL−1V 100% Jurkat; primary splenocytes (S); primary neurons (N) 2009 178
MWCNT Flow cytometry 1 h 100 μg mL−1V near 50% A549 2015 179
MWCNT Flow cytometry 24 h 200 μg mL−1 V near 50% Normal liver cells 2015 180
MWCNT Flow cytometry 24 h 120 μg mL−1V near 50% Raw264.7 2020 181
SWCNT Hemocytometer (cells recovery) Up to 4 d 50 μg mL−1 – (30% or 85% from control) Murine lung epithelial cells 2007 80
MWCNT Hoechst 33342 + microscope 24, 48 h 0.6 μg mL−1V 60% for 48 h Human skin fibroblasts 2005 182
MWCNT Indirect assay (protein expression) 24, 48 h — HEK keratinocytes 2006 183
MWCNT Indirect assay (AP detection kit) 2, 4 h — Mouse embryonic Stem cell 2007 184
SWCNT Indirect assay (NO, free radicals, super oxide) 1–2 h 0.5 mg mL−1 no changes Raw 264.7 2005 185
SWCNT Indirect assay (NO, free radicals, super oxide, apoptosis) 24, 48, 72 h 30 mg mL−1D 10% for 48 h J774; hMDM 2006 186
SWCNT Indirect assay (oxidative stress) 3 h 10 μg mL−1 ROS increase in 12% BJ Foreskin cells 2007 187
MWCNT LDH 24 h 125 ng mL−1 no toxic effects Human mononuclear cells 2007 188
MWCNT LDH 24 h — hMSCs 2013 189
MWCNT; SWCNT LDH 24 h 40 μg mL−1V 100% MDMs 2014 190
MWCNT; SWCNT LDH 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% for both A549; J774 2014 141
MWCNT LDH 24 h 80 μg mL−1V 80% Met-5A 2016 191
SWCNT LDH 24, 48 h 2 μg mL−1V 50% for both times HeLa; HUVEC; Hep2G 2018 192
MWCNT LDH 24 h — Mesothelial LP9 2020 193
MWCNT LDH, trypan blue 24 h 12 μg mL−1V > 60% Bronchial epithelial primary cells 2019 194
MWCNT LDH, CCK8 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% HUVEC 2014 195
MWCNT LDH, MTT 48 h 300 ng mL−1V < 40% HEK293 2010 196
MWCNT LDH, MTT, WST1, XTT 1, 72 h 48 h LDH 100 mg mL−1V 60%; XTT 100 mg mL−1V 80% A549 2008 197
MWCNT LDH, trypan blue 24 h TC50 = 20–80 μg mL−1 (for both CNT) A549; Hep3B; HEK 2010 198
MWCNT LDH, WST1 24 h EC50 near 200 μg mL−1 A549 2017 199
MWCNT; SWCNT LDH, WST1 24 h 256 μg mL−1V 100% (MW); (SW) 64 μg mL−1V 100% 16HBE 2018 143
MWCNT LDH; WST8 24 h 32 μg mL−1V near 80% HUVECs 2017 200
MWCNT Live/Dead 12, 24 h 5 μg mL−1V 30% Rat LE cells 2010 201
SWCNT Microscopy 6 d — Primary neurons (N); primary glia (G) 2009 202
MWCNT Microscopy 48 h 17 μg mL−1V 20% DRG; PC12 2010 203
MWCNT Molecular probes cell viability 24 h 5.5–55.8 μg mL−1V > 50% Human osteoblasts 2004 85
SWCNT MTS 24, 48, 72 h 0.04 mg mL−1V 100% for all time points MCF7; human epidermal keratino-s 2004 204
SWCNT MTS 24, 48, 72 h 40 μg mL−1V 90% MCF7 2015 205
MWCNT MTS 24 h 100 μg mL−1V for all > 50% A549; lung V79 fibroblasts 2015 206
MWCNT MTS 24 h 400 μg mL−1V > 50% Raw264.7 2016 207
MWCNT MTS 24 h IC50 10 μg mL−1 A549 2021 208
SWCNT MTS, flow.cyt. 24 h 40 μg mL−1V 100% MCF7 2013 209
MWCNT MTS, LDH 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 100% BEAS2B; RLE6TN; THP1 2013 210
MWCNT; SWCNT MTS, live/dead 24 h (MW) 10 μg cm−2V 90%; (SW) 10 μg cm−2V 100% HAEC 2012 136
SWCNT MTS, NR, LDH 24 h 100 μg mL−1 resulted in first cytotoxic ef (varied EC50 233 μg mL−1 to 600 μg mL−1) Caco2 2009 211
SWCNT MTT 72 h 20 μg mL−1V 20% Human epidermal keratino-s; HeLa; A549; H1299 2005 212
SWCNT; MWCNT MTT 3 h, 6 h 22.6 μg cm−2V > 80% for 6 h (MWCNT); V 40% (SWCNT) Alveolar macrophages 2005 142
SWCNT MTT 24 h–120 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% HEK293 2005 213
SWCNT MTT 24, 48 h 20 μg mL−1D 80% Human dermal fibroblasts 2006 36
SWCNT; MWCNT MTT 24 h–120 h 25 μg mL−1V > 80% for both Human dermis fibroblasts 2006 134
MWCNT MTT 24, 96 h 0.2 μg mL−1 H596 24 h V > 60%; H466 24 h V > 20%; calu 24 h V > 20% H596; H466; Calu-1 2006 214
SWCNT MTT 3 d 30 μg mL−1V < 50% Mesothelioma MSTO-211H 2007 215
SWCNT; MWCNT MTT 24 h 100 μg mL−1 (N) V 80% for MW; V 40% for SW; (M) V 40% for MW; V 20% for SW Neuroblastoma (N); Rat alveolar macrophages (M) 2007 216
SWCNT MTT 6 h, 48 h 500 mg L−1; Hep3B and HepG2 V 80%; for Panc-1 40% Hep3B; HepG2; Panc-1 2007 217
SWCNT MTT 24, 48, 72 h 24, 48 h 3.2 μg mL−1V 90%; 72 h 3.2 μg mL−1V 80% Astrocytoma 1321N1 2008 218
MWCNT MTT 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% HeLa 2009 219
MWCNT MTT 24 h 17.5 μg mL−1V 90% Primary cortical cultures 2009 220
MWCNT MTT 24, 48 h 24 h D384 100 μg mL−1V 25%; A549 100 μg mL−1V 50% (same for 48 h) A549; astrocytoma D384 2010 221
MWCNT; SWCNT MTT 48, 72 h (up to 3 w for diff) 24 h and 48 h 30 μg mL−1, V > 60% (for both CNT) MSCs 2010 137
MWCNT MTT 72, 144 h 30 μg mL−1D near 15% A549; Jurkat 2011 222
SWCNT; MWCNT MTT 24, 72, 168 h (SW) 0.11 mg mL−1V near 100% up to 168 h; (MW) 0.11 mg mL−1V 50% A549 2011 223
MWCNT MTT 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% for both lines A549; Raw264.7 2011 224
MWCNT MTT 24, 48, 72 h 40 μg mL−1V 90%; 200 μg mL−1V 90%; 400 μg mL−1V 80% NHDF 2012 225
MWCNT MTT 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 60% A549 2012 226
MWCNT MTT 24 h 6 mg mL−1 for one type V 40%, for another near 20% J774 2012 227
MWCNT MTT 12, 24, 36 h 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 80%; 200 μg mL−1V 70% C6 rat glioma 2012 228
MWCNT MTT 24 h A549 TC50 = 35.6 μg mL−1; HepG2 TC50 = 33.5 μg mL−1; HEK TC50 = 35 μg mL−1; P407 TC50 = 39 μg mL−1 A549; HepG2; HEK; P407 2014 229
SWCNT MTT 24 h 50 μg mL−1V 100% A549; MCF7; SKBr3 2015 230
MWCNT MTT 24 h 2 μg mL−1, V (L) near 50%; V (S) near 70% A549 2016 231
MWCNT MTT 48 h 200 μg mL−1V 40% HT29 2017 232
MWCNT MTT 48 h 256 μg mL−1V 50% A549 2019 233
MWCNT; SWCNT MTT 48 h 8 μg mL−1V > 80% A549 2020 234
SWCNT MTT 24 h 200 μg mL−1V > 80% A549 2020 235
MWCNT MTT, LDH 24 h 40 μg mL−1V 60% A549 2012 236
SWCNT MTT, LDH 48 h IC50 = 87.6 μg mL−1 HEK293 2014 237
MWCNT MTT, LDH 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 70% (TT1); V 70% (ATII), AM V 55% Alveolar type-I like cells (TT1), ATII, alveolar macrophages 2014 238
MWCNT MTT, LDH 1, 3 h — A549 2020 239
MWCNT MTT, NR 24 h EC80 = 2.1 mg L−1 H295R (adenocarcinoma); T47Dluc 2014 240
SWCNT MTT, LDH, WST1 24 h 50 μg mL−1 MTT V 60%; LDH V 100%; WST1 V 100% A549; HUVEC; alveolar macrophage 2006 133
MWCNT MTT, WST1 72, 96 h, 1–2 w 3d 5 μg mL−1V > 80%; 1 w 5 μg mL−1V 80% SH-SY5Y 2009 241
MWCNT; SWCNT MTT, LDH 24, 48 h 24 h (SW) 300 μg mL−1V 65%; 24 h (MW) 300 μg mL−1V 65%; 48 h (SW) 150 μg mL−1V 40%; 48 h (MW) 150 μg mL−1 V 50% NIH3T3 2009 242
SWCNT MTT, LDH 24, 48, 72 h 50 μg mL−1V 60% (for both tests) HUVEC 2010 243
SWCNT MTT, LDH 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 20% PC12 2010 244
SWCNT MTT, LDH; trypan blue 24 h 50 μg mL−1 V > 80% Human umbilical cord MSCs 2020 245
SWCNT MTT, WST 24 h MTT NR8383 5 μg mL−1V > 70%; 10 μg mL−1V > 40% for all samples; WST NR8383 100 μg mL−1V > 70% for all A549; rat macrophages (NR8383) 2007 246
SWCNT NR, MTT 24 h 5 μg mL−1V > 75% HUVEC 2006 247
SWCNT NR, MTT 24 h — HUVEC 2006 248
SWCNT NR, MTT 96 h 10 μg mL−1V 100% hMDM 2009 249
MWCNT NR, live/dead 48 h 20 μg mL−1V 80% Macrophages 2011 250
SWCNT NR; MTS 24, 48 h EC50 = 316 μg mL−1 for 24 h; EC50 = 81 μg mL−1 for 48 h HUVEC 2011 251
MWCNT NR, MTT; live/dead 96 h 20 μg mL−1 MTT V 50%; other tests V 70% hMDM 2009 252
SWCNT NR, MTT, alamar blue; aqueous one (AQO) 24 h 0.4 μg mL−1V > 60% (AQO) HEK keratinocytes 2009 253
SWCNT Optical microscopy 12, 24, 48, 60 h 50 μg mL−1V 100% HeLa 2007 254
MWCNT PI 6 h 50 μg mL−1D 30% A549 2017 255
SWCNT; MWCNT PI, acridine orange 12, 48 h 50 μg mL−1V > 80% H1299 2019 256
MWCNT Resazurin assay 24, 48, 72 h Raw IC50 > 80 μg cm−2 Raw264.7; A549; Calu-3; alveolar macrophages 2016 257
SWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48, 72 h 0.2 mg mL−1V > 70% for 24 h and 72 h Rat heart cell 2005 258
MWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h 10 ng per cell 24 h V > 80%, 48 h V 60% T Lymphocytes 2006 259
MWCNT Trypan blue 18 h 40 μg cm−2V 70% A549 2008 260
MWCNT + SWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48, 72 h 24 h 100 μg cm−2V 30% BEAS2B 2009 261
MWCNT Trypan blue 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 60% HUVEC 2011 262
MWCNT SWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48, 72 h 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% Raw264.7 2011 140
SWCNT MWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48 h 48 h BEAS2B 152 μg mL−1V < 50% (SW); (SW) MeT5A 152 μg mL−1V < 50%; (MW) MeT5A 152 μg mL−1V 70% BEAS2B; MeT5A 2013 263
SWCNT Trypan blue 36, 120 h 30 μg mL−1V near 80% for both times A549 2013 264
SWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48 h 70 μg mL−1V 20% NIH3T3 2015 265
MWCNT Trypan blue 13 w 1.92 μg cm−2V near 100% HBEC-3-KT 2018 266
MWCNT Trypan blue 24, 48 h 60 μg mL−1V > 60% Primary microglial cells 2018 267
MWCNT Trypan blue 24 h 0.1 mg mL−1V > 70% HUVECs; human liver hepatocellular carcinoma 2020 268
MWCNT Trypan blue, EZ-cytox assay 24 h EC20 for pristine 3 mg mL−1; EC20 for OH near 6 mg mL−1 BEAS2B; HepG2 2016 269
MWCNT (BP) Trypan blue, NR 48, 72 h — Blood lymphocytes 2015 270
MWCNT + fibers Trypan blue, MTT 24 h 1 mg mL−1V 80% NIH3T3 2008 271
MWCNT Trypan blue, LDH 24 h 125 μg cm−2V 20% Mesothelial cells 2008 272
SWCNT Trypan blue, LDH 24, 48, 72 h 50 μg mL−1V 90% T Lymphocytes 2008 273
MWCNT Trypan blue, live/dead assay 24, 48, 72 h 72 h 50 μg mL−1V 100% THP-1 2016 274
MWCNT Trypan blue, WST1 24, 48, 72 h 72 h 100 μg mL−1V 50% HPBCs (human peripheral blood cells) 2016 275
MWCNT Trypan blue, WST1 24 h A549 40 μg mL−1V 80% (MTT 50%); BEAS2B 40 μg mL−1; V 80% (MTT 50%) A549; BEAS2B 2016 131
MWCNT Trypan blue, WST8, CCK8 168 h 100 μg mL−1V 100% Dendritic cells 2009 276
MWCNT WST1 24 h GI50 = 0.0135% NHBE 2012 277
SWCNT WST1 72 h 20 μg mL−1V 100% hMSCs 2019 278
MWCNT (+fibers) WST1 24 h 24 μg mL−1V > 60% BEAS2B 2020 279
MWCNT WST1, CCK8 24 h 100 μg mL−1V 70% Human bone osteosarcoma; human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) 2016 280
MWCNT SWCNT WST1, LDH 24 h 150 μg per 106 cells V 60% HAEC 2009 281
MWCNT WST8 24 h IC50 = 12 μg mL−1 BEAS2B; CHO-K1 2010 282
MWCNT WST8 24 h EC50 near 30 μg cm−2 A549; HepG2 2019 283
MWCNT WST8, MTT 16, 32 h 24 h LC50 = 26 μg mL−1; 32 h LC50 = 22 μg mL−1 J774.1; CHO-K1 2008 284