Table 2.
Behavioral change techniques used in coded apps.
| App name | BCT | Behavior-health link* | Consequences* | Others’ approval | Prompt intention formation* | Prompt barrier identification | General encouragement | Graded tasks | Instruction** | Model/demonstrate | Prompt specific goal setting* | Self-monitoring* | Feedback |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PainScale | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
| Mindfulness Daily | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
| Ouchie | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
| Migraine Buddy | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Pathways Pain Relief | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Pain Relief Hypnosis—Chronic Pain Management | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Back Pain Exercises | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Pain Care app | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Curable | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Fibromyalgia Test and Training | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Migraine Relief Hypnosis—Headache & Pain Help | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Tally: The Anything Tracker | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| GeoPain | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Manage My Pain | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| No More Pain | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Pain Management/Relief | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| 6-Minute Back Pain Relief | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Chronic Pain Diary | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Chronic Pain Tracker Lite | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Pain Scored | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Orientate | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Pain Log—Pain Tracker | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| My Pain Log | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Pain Management | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Right Motion: Relief your pain only with exercises | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Neck & Shoulder Pain Relief Exercises, Stretches | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Pain Diary—Pain Management Log | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Self Pain Management | X | X | |||||||||||
| Totals | 20 | 19 | 13 | 21 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 21 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 19 | |
| App name | Contingent rewards | Teach use prompt cues | Behavioral contract | Prompt practice | Follow-up prompts | Social comparison | Social support/change* | Prompt self-talk | Relapse prevention | Stress management* | Time management | Number of BCTs | Number of pain management BCTs |
| PainScale | X | X | X | X | X | X | 15 | 8 | |||||
| Mindfulness Daily | X | X | X | X | X | 15 | 7 | ||||||
| Ouchie | X | X | X | 12 | 7 | ||||||||
| Migraine Buddy | X | X | X | X | X | 13 | 6 | ||||||
| Pathways Pain Relief | X | X | 10 | 6 | |||||||||
| Pain Relief Hypnosis—Chronic Pain Management | X | X | 7 | 6 | |||||||||
| Back Pain Exercises | X | 8 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Pain Care app | X | X | X | X | X | X | 12 | 5 | |||||
| Curable | X | X | X | X | X | 11 | 5 | ||||||
| Fibromyalgia Test and Training | X | X | 8 | 5 | |||||||||
| Migraine Relief Hypnosis—Headache & Pain Help | X | 5 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Tally: The Anything Tracker | X | X | 8 | 4 | |||||||||
| GeoPain | X | 7 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Manage My Pain | X | 7 | 4 | ||||||||||
| No More Pain | X | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Pain Management/Relief | X | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||
| 6-Minute Back Pain Relief | X | X | 7 | 3 | |||||||||
| Chronic Pain Diary | 6 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Chronic Pain Tracker Lite | X | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Pain Scored | X | 6 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Orientate | 5 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Pain Log—Pain Tracker | 5 | 3 | |||||||||||
| My Pain Log | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Pain Management | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Right Motion: Relief your pain only with exercises | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Neck & Shoulder Pain Relief Exercises, Stretches | X | X | 7 | 2 | |||||||||
| Pain Diary—Pain Management Log | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||
| Self Pain Management | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Totals | 9 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 206 | 118 |
*
Denotes pain management BCTs.
BCT, behavior change technique.