Table 1.
Summary of intratumor bacteria in cancerous tissues and their roles in oncogenesis, progression, and prognosis in cancers
| Genus | Status | Cancer | Samples | Role | Mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Thermus and Ralstonia | Dysbiosis | Lung | Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma | Cancer histology | NT | |
| Legionella | Enriched | Primary and metastatic lung tumor tissues | Oncogenesis metastasis | NT | [37] | |
| Acidovorax | Enriched | Lung cancer tissues with or without TP53 mutation | Linked with TP53 mutation | [38] | ||
| Staphylococcus | Decreased | Tissues from lung cancer patients with unilateral lobar masses and healthy controls | [39] | |||
| Anaerococcus, Caulobacter, Streptococcus, and Propionibacterium | Decreased | Breast | Tissues from Breast cancer patients, predisposed to breast cancer, and healthy controls | Negatively correlated with oncogenic immune features; positively associated with T-cell activation-related genes | [40] | |
| Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes | Lower ratio | Benign and breast cancer | [41] | |||
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Enriched | Benign and breast cancer | Poor prognosis | Oncogenesis and suppressed immune response | [42] | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | Enriched | Cancer progression | BFT drives epithelial hyperplasia in the mammary gland | [43] | ||
| Lactobacillus fermentum | Enriched | Esophageal | Tissues from esophageal cancer patients and healthy controls | Cancer screen | NT | [44] |
| Campylobacter species | Enriched | Esophageal adenocarcinoma and control tissues | Prognosis | NT | [45] | |
| F. nucleatum | Enriched | Esophageal cancer and normal tissues | Prognosis | NT | [46] | |
| Bacteroidetes/Fusobacteria/Spirochaetes | Decreased | Esophageal cancer and normal tissues | NT | [47] | ||
| Actinobacteria | Enriched | Esophageal cancer and normal tissues | NT | [48] | ||
| P. gingivalis | Enriched | Esophageal tissues from ESCC patients and normal controls | Progression and prognosis | NT | [49] | |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Enriched | Resected ESCC samples | Chemoresistance | NT | [50] | |
| Fusobacterium and less Streptococcus | Dysbiosis | ESCC tumor tissues and normal tissues | Oncogenesis | NT | [51] | |
| H. pylori | Enriched | Gastric | Gastric cancer and normal tissues | Oncogenesis | Promote p53 degradation and immune evasion | [52–55] |
| E.coli, butyrate-producing bacterium SM4/1, Oscillatoria | Enriched | Bladder | Tumor samples with muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (n = 400) | Poor prognosis | Positively correlates with EMT-associated genes | [56] |
| Staphylococcaceae | Enriched | Prostate | prostatic tumor, peritumor and nontumor tissues | Oncogenesis | [57] | |
| Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Propionibacterium spp. | Enriched | frozen radical prostate samples from tumor and adjacent benign tissue | Oncogenesis | [58] | ||
| Enriched | Propionibacterium acnes spp | Prostate tissue inflammation | [59] | |||
| Proteobacteria | Enriched | Prostatic tumor tissues | Oncogenesis | [60] | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonadaceae | Enriched | Pancreatic | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues and normal human pancreas | Chemotherapy resistance | Metabolize chemotherapy drugs | [32] |
| Proteobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes | Enriched | Pancreatic cancer and normal tissues | Tumor progression | Modulating M1 macrophage/Th1 differentiation, that affect CD8 + T cell function | [61] | |
| Pseudoxanthomonas Streptomyces Saccharopolyspora Bacillus clausii | Enriched | pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients with short-term survival (STS, < 5 years) and long-term survival (LTS, > 5 years) | Prognosis | Elevated infiltration and activation of CD8 T cells | [62] | |
| F. nucleatum | Enriched | Mouth | Oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral tissues | Predictor | Promotes EMT transition | [63] |
| Abundance of Firmicutes (especially Streptococcus) and Actinobacteria (especially Rothia) | Bacterial dysbiosis | Oral cancers and anatomically matched contralateral normal tissue | Promote oncogenesis and progression | [64] | ||
| Fusobacterium/Prevotella | Enriched | Oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent non-tumor mucosa 5 cm distant | Oncogenesis | NT | [65] | |
| Peptostreptococcus | Enriched | Tumor samples from patients with OSCC | Better prognosis | NT | [66] | |
| F. nucleatum | Enriched | Colon | Colorectal cancer and paired normal tissues | Oncogenesis and progression |
Activates β-catenin signaling; Lower density of CD3+ T cells; Recruits immuno- suppressive cells; Inactivation of NK and T cells |
[67–73] |
| Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis | Enriched | Familial adenomatous polyposis samples and healthy controls | Promotes cancer initiation | that secrete oncotoxins | [34] | |
| Fusobacterium | Enriched | Paired primary colorectal and metastatic tumors | Cancer metastasis | NT | [70] | |
| Helicobacter spp | Enriched | Bile duct | Bile duct cancer tissues | Oncogenesis | NT | [74] |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp. | Enriched | Gallbladder | Bile samples from patients with gallbladder cancer and cholelithiasis | Oncogenesis | NT | [75] |
| Decreased Nesterenkonia, and increased Methylophilaceae, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Actinomyces, Novosphingobium, and H. pylori | Bacteria dysbiosis | Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Tissues from extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECCA) and benign biliary pathology (BBP) cohorts | Oncogenesis | NT | [76] |
| Helicobacter bilis | Enriched | Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | Tissues from extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECCA) and benign biliary pathology (BBP) cohorts | Oncogenesis | NT | [77] |
| Bifidobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae Enterococcaceae | Enriched | Cholangiocarcinoma | primary CCA tumors and matched normal tissues | Oncogenesis | NT | [78] |
| Helicobacter species | Enriched | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Liver samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C, and healthy controls | Oncogenesis | NT | [79] |
| Sneathia and Lactobacillus | Dysbiosis | Cervix | [80] | |||
| Fusobacterium spp | Enriched | Samples from patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and cervical cancer | Oncogenesis | NT | [81] | |
| L. gasseri | Enriched | Oncogenesis | NT | [82] | ||
| Atopobium, Porphyromonas, Dialister, Peptoniphilus, Ruminococcus, Anaerotruncus, Anaerostipes, Treponema, Bacteroides and Arthrospira | Enriched | Endometrium | Uterine samples from cancer and benign disease | Oncogenesis | Modulating the vaginal pH | [83] |
| Brucella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia spp. | Enriched | Ovary | Ovarian tumor | Oncogenesis | [84] | |
| Proteobacteria | Enriched | Ovarian cancer tissues and normal distal fallopian tube tissues | Cancer initiation and progression | Modulating immune response | [85] | |
| Actinomyces and Parvimonas | Dysbiosis | Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) | Paired normal and tumor resected OSCC specimens | Tumor stage | NT | [86] |